# data[].attributes.body
The Telugu people are an ethnic group that speaks Telugu as a native language and/or trace their origin to the Indian States of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Large populations of the Telugu people are also found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Odisha.

# data[].attributes.body
The Malayali, also spelt Malayalee and also known by the demonym Keralite, are a Dravidian ethnolinguistic group from Kerala, India, who live on the state's southwestern Malabar coast. They are mostly native Malayalam speakers, one of India's six Classical languages.

# data[].attributes.body
The Iban are a subgroup of the Dayak people of Borneo. Because of their proximity to the coast, the British referred to them as "Sea Dayaks" during colonial times, but as time passed, the tribes moved further inland. The Iban were known for their tribal and territorial expansion, which earned them many enemies. The Kayan tribe, for example, referred to the "Sea Dayaks" they encountered as "Hivan," which eventually became Iban, and it is thought that this is where the name came from.

# data[].attributes.body
The Javanese are Indonesia's dominant ethnic group. Non-Javanese Indonesians frequently complain about a Javanese "colonialism" that has supplanted the Dutch version. Although Javanese culture is merely another regional culture, it wields far greater influence over national culture. The Austronesian ancestors of the Javanese arrived from the Kalimantan coast as early as 3000 BC. Apparently, the island's agricultural bounty was well known from the beginning: the name "Java" is derived from the Sanskrit Yavadvipa (island of barley).

# data[].attributes.body
The Banjar or Banjarese are the indigenous people of Banjarmasin, the second largest city in South Kalimantan. Since the nineteenth century, the Banjar have been migrated to the east coast of Sumatra and Malaysia, but in Peninsular Malaysia, the Banjar tribe has been assimilated into the Malays, except in Tawau (of Sabah, East Malaysia), where they still refer to themselves as Banjar people. In Singapore, the Banjar have assimilated into the Malays while claiming to be Banjar descendants.

# data[].attributes.body
Hello everyone! My name is Nursyahira Binti Abd Hamid.

The purpose of this padlet is to share some knowledges about 5 different wedding customs of Malaysian ethnicities. It sounds interesting right? come on, guys it's time to explore!

# data[].attributes.body
* Banjar Wedding Custom
* Iban Wedding Custom
* Javanese Wedding Custom
* Siamese Malay Wedding Custom
* Punjabi Wedding Custom

# data[].attributes.body
Pre-wedding
- Basasuluh  (identify a suitable groom for the bride)
- Badatang (discussion among family members from both sides)
- Maantar Jujuran (bringing the dowry, shoes and other gifts requested by the bride)

Wedding
- Akad nikah (solemnization)
- Adat Bamandi (bathing ceremony after the solemnization of the groom and bride)
- Ba'usung (carrying the groom and bride over the shoulder)
- Batatai (wedding reception)

# data[].attributes.body
Basasuluh, derived from the word suluh, refers to the process of gathering information about the woman to be married, which is carried out in secret by the groom's side. This is the first step in finding a bride for the groom; it is completed before making an official marriage proposal. The basic information required is whether the woman is engaged to someone; if she is not, the groom's side of family will continue with an official marriage proposal.

# data[].attributes.body
Badatang is a marriage proposal that is officially performed by the groom's family. This is accomplished by bringing the groom's closest family members to the bride's house. Among these family members, one representative who was chosen and given a mandate during the basasuluh must come in order to continue the previous talks between the two families. Dialogues in Banjar language occur during this event, and some were filled with exchanges of pantun (traditional poems) between two families. The groom's side will bring something for the bride's family such as cakes or a basket of fruits. Basically badatang is a meeting between the two families of the future groom and bride as a sign that a wedding reception is going to be held.

# data[].attributes.body
After the two families reach an agreement on the amount of dowry and other betrothal gifts, such as the future bride's dress, shoes, bags, toiletries, and cosmetics in Badatang, the process of Maantar (bringing) the Jujuran (dowry) begins. This is usually carried by the groom's family members; each item is carried by one family member. The dowry is usually in the form of money or jewellery in an amount agreed upon by both sides.

# data[].attributes.body
Banjar people, like everyone else, follow the provisions based on their religious beliefs when it comes to marriage. The marriage vow is usually taken a day before the wedding ceremony, which is known as Akad Nikah.

# data[].attributes.body
Adat bamandi is a showering tradition that use seven different flower forms and blossoms made from coconut fronds. This showering custom involves some readings by the lady who take the lead in the ceremony while sprinkling water on the bride. This procedure is thought to provide a positive aura on the bride and groom in the future since it involves  some mysthical elements, including flower-filled water and clothing made of jasmine weaved flowers.

# data[].attributes.body
Once the groom arrived at the bride's home, the Ba'usung custom officially begins. The bride's family will be waiting for them when they arrive at the bride's home yard, where the wedding is being held. The bride and groom are then introduced and invited to take a seat in a chair that has been set up. The bride and groom would be carried on the shoulders of two men known as tukang usung. All of the family members and invited guests will witness them being lifted up. First, the groom is lifted up by one of the tukang usung. The groom is placed on the shoulders of the man. At the same time, the bride is also  being carried on one of the tukang usung’s sholders. Unlike the groom, the bride only sits on one shoulder of the tukang usung, which is seemly hard to do as the tukang usung needs to balance his body.  Those two tukang usang will perform a traditional martial art called silat kuntau while carrying the newlyweds.

# data[].attributes.body
After several stages of customs, the groom and bride arrived at the final step which is Batatai. They will be taking a seat next to each other at their dais and their family members will come and congratulate them, followed by the rest of the guests.

# data[].attributes.body
Pre-wedding
- Ngayap (the courtship)
- Nanya Indu (The proposal)
- Melah Pinang (Engagement and exchange gifts)

Wedding
- The wedding Ceremony
- Bebiyau (Blessing ceremony)

# data[].attributes.body
If an Iban boy is interested in a particular girl, he must take the initiative to court her. It is the only way for him to determine whether or not the girl is the right one for him. If the girl responds positively and her parents have no objections, the guy will inform his parents of his intention to marry the girl. Disagreements between the guy and parents are properly discussed. The guy is asked to stop seeing the girl, and another girl who is related but not in the incestuous circle will be suggested to the boy to court with.

# data[].attributes.body
When the boy's parents agree that the girl is a good match for their son, they will send a message or bebunga ka jaku (to reveal their intention) through a messenger who is usually a relative or someone close to the parents. This is done to protect both parties from embarrassment if the proposal is rejected. When there is a positive response from the girl, the boy's family will send a delegation to openly propose to the girl. The delegation usually consists of three, five, or seven elderly people, with more females than males. The tusut (genealogy) is examined during the nanya indu discussion to determine the kinship relationship of the boy and the girl. This is to ensure that they are not in an incestuous relationship, as this would be considered taboo by their custom.

# data[].attributes.body
Once the proposal is accepted, the boy's family will come to girl's house for Melah Pinang. The engagement period is not set in stone. Iban prefers shorter engagements of one to two months in most cases. If the engagement is terminated by mutual consent, there is no penalty. Each of them, however, is required to return the engagement gift. When the plans for Melah Pinang are complete, the parties will exchange gifts. Gifts of any reasonable value, such as lampik pirak (a silver girdle) and baku temaga (a brass container) are acceptable. Nowadays it is common for the couple to exchange rings

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Photo by : My friend, Grace. This is her sister's wedding.

# data[].attributes.body
The groom and his family will travel to the bride's village on the day of the wedding. The groom's side will beat the gong and drum, known as betabuh, while travelling by boat or over-land. The purpose of betabuh is to avoid hearing a bad omen cry. The bride and groom are seated on a 'tawak' (gong) once the groom arrived. Relatives from both sides sit opposite each other and exchange a box called baku, which contains areca nut, coins, cigarettes, and perfume that is shared among family members. As a symbol of the newlyweds' lives, the areca nut is cut in half. This ceremony represents a sacred marriage between the husband and wife.

# data[].attributes.body
The bebiyau ceremony takes place in the evening at the groom's longhouse. Everyone will be dressed in traditional attire for the ceremony. The newlyweds are seated side by side on two tawak (gong). Their bestman and bridesmaid will stand beside them. The lemambang (bard) performs the bebiyau ceremony by holding a chicken over their heads while reciting his blessing prayer. He will end his prayer by saying “gayu guru, chelap lindap; gerai nyamai, lantang senang” (healthy, rich, contented and comfortable life). The significance of this ceremony is to bless and to wish the couple a happy married life.

# data[].attributes.body
Hajatan (pre-wedding)
- Placing the tratag and tarub
- Kembar mayang
- Placing tuwuhan
- Siraman
- Adol dawet
- Cutting tumpeng
- Dulangan pungkasan
- Planting strand of hair and release the rooster
- Midodareni

Wedding day
- Wedding ceremony
- Panggih ceremony

# data[].attributes.body
The presence of tratag (pavilion decorations) and tarub (a garnish made from janur or newly grown coconut leaf) on the entrance indicates that this family is hosting hajatan for their in-laws. Hajatan is a preparation stages for the upcoming wedding. The purpose of Hajatan is to avoid any bad luck. The arching yellow janur represents the bride and groom's wish for blessings and prosperity.

# data[].attributes.body
Kembar mayang is a handcrafted ornament made from arrangements of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits that is believed to bring both the bride and groom clarity and strength in their marriage life. The array of leaves is usually entwined to a banana tree stem to resemble the shape of mountains, keris, whips, umbrellas, grasshoppers, and birds.

# data[].attributes.body
The next step is to place the tuwuhan or plants on the siraman spot. Javanese people also place some fruits, such as a bunch of bananas on each side, in the hope that the bride and groom will be blessed with children who will become the colour of their marriage.

# data[].attributes.body
The word siraman means "showering with water." There will be seven people pouring water on the bride and groom during this procession. Later on, the father of the bride will complete the ritual that signifies self-cleansing. The father of the bride will not only end the procession, but will also carry the bride to the bridal room.

# data[].attributes.body
After siraman, The parents will be selling dawet, a sweet dessert to guests who have attended previous ceremonies. However, the trade does not use money as an exchange. It uses kreweng, a clay coin that serves as a symbol of life from the earth. The bride's mother will be selling the dawet, while her father will be holding an umbrella for her. The purpose of this is to show their children that they should help each other in marriage in the future.

# data[].attributes.body
Tumpeng is a traditional dish that consists of cone-shaped rice surrounded by a variety of side dishes on a large round bamboo tray. The mountain-like shape of tumpeng is identified as a symbol of prosperity in Javanese ritual. The father and mother will lead the tumpeng cutting procession, taking the tops of the rice and side dishes.

# data[].attributes.body
After taking the tops of the rice and side dishes, the father and mother of the bride or groom will then feed their child as a final act of responsibility before sending their children off to marry.

# data[].attributes.headline
Planting strand of hair and release the rooster.

# data[].attributes.subject
Planting strand of hair and release the rooster.

# data[].attributes.body
Planting the bride's or groom's hair strand means that all bad things will be kept away from their household. Next, it will be followed by the release of the black rooster, which signifies that both parents have willingly let their daughter live independently with her husband.

# data[].attributes.body
The word midodareni means "angel," so the objective of this procession is for the bride to look as dazzling and pure as an angel from heaven on her wedding day. The bride is not allowed to meet her future husband the night before the wedding and must be accompanied by family members.

# data[].attributes.body
On the wedding day, the bride and groom will be wearing white Javanese traditional attire to symbolize purity. To religiously inaugurate their marriage, the bride and groom will state their vows in front of the clergy, parents, guardians, and guests during the ceremony.

# data[].attributes.body
Panggih is the next ceremony after the wedding ceremony. In Javanese, panggih means "meet." The ceremony itself is made up of eight rituals designed to prepare the newlyweds for marriage life.

# data[].attributes.body
The couple will throw gantal or sirih tied by a white string at each other. While the husband throws the gantal to his wife's chest to show that he has stolen her heart, the wife points the gantal to her husband's knee to show devotion. Isn't it romantically adorable?

# data[].attributes.body
The groom performs the ritual of stepping on a raw egg in the hopes of being blessed with children because they have become one family. The bride will then wash his feet as a token of love.

# data[].attributes.body
The red and white sindur fabric is intended to inspire the bride and groom to begin their marriage with passion. During this rite, they will be dressed in sindur fabric and led to the altar.

# data[].attributes.body
After the bride and groom have sat on stage, they will be weighed on their father's lap. The bride's mother will then ask who weighs more, to which the father will respond that they both weigh the same. They hope that by doing this ritual, the couple will acknowledge that they are both loved equally.

# data[].attributes.body
Rujak is a drink made from shredded young coconut. The tradition of drinking coconut water is done in turns, with one glass for the entire family. Starting with the father, moving to the mother, and finally to the couple. This coconut water is revered as holy water and capable of cleansing the spirit of the entire family.

# data[].attributes.body
This rite is performed by the groom, who will sprinkle coins and basic household necessities such as rice or seeds on his wife as a symbol that he will be the head of the family, be responsible and able to provide for his family.

# data[].attributes.body
Dulangan is a ritual in which the couple feeds each other three times to symbolise that they will help and love each other until they are grey and old.

# data[].attributes.body
The sungkeman procession concludes the entire procession of the Javanese traditional wedding, which is done by kneeling in front of both sets of parents as a sign of gratitude for raising them up until they can lead a new life with each other.

# data[].attributes.body
Pre-wedding
- Muhurtham.
- Nischayam.
- Traditional feast and a visit to temple.

Wedding
- Seek the blessings.
- Welcoming the newlyweds.
- The Nuptial Ceremony.

Post wedding
- Reception.
- Grihapravesham.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Wedding of Tamara & Naldi | Pernikahan Adat Banjar | Morning Film

# data[].attributes.body
Prior to the wedding, the parents of the future bride and groom trade horoscopes to check the suitability of the couple. If the horoscopes match, the family’s astrologer will set an auspicious time, known as muhurtham, for the engagement and wedding ceremonies. The wedding date is determined by consulting an astrologer.

# data[].attributes.body
The engagement ceremony, also known as nischayam, is a ceremony where the bride will formally announce her marriage. This event is traditionally held at the bride’s ancestral house and witnessed by her family members and close relatives. However, as time passes, people resort to venues away from their homes, such as banquet halls. These days, friends and faraway relatives are also invited to witness the occasion.

# data[].attributes.headline
Traditional feast and a visit to temple. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Traditional feast and a visit to temple. 

# data[].attributes.body
A day before the wedding, the guests will be served traditional food at the bride's house and she must be facing the east side. The bride takes a traditional five-course vegetarian meal with her family members. In some Malayalee communities, the bride and a few family members go to a nearby temple to pray to the Almighty. The bride seeks blessings from her relatives by touching their feet after returning from the temple. A day before the wedding, the groom performs a similar ritual at his home.

# data[].attributes.body
The bride and groom seek blessings from their elders at their respective homes before entering the venue to tie the wedding knot. Afterwards, both of them will get ready for the mandapam/venue. Bridesmaids will assist the bride in getting ready for the wedding. For the wedding, the bride wears a two-piece of sari, accessorize herself with jewellery (usually gold) and has flower braids in her hair (generally jasmine). The groom, on the other hand, is attired in a traditional dhoti (mundu) and a white or off-white silk shirt. His outfit is complemented by gold chains, bracelets, and rings.

# data[].attributes.body
Traditionally, the bride's family and friends arrive at the venue first to greet the groom and his entourage. To welcome the groom's procession, traditional drum (thavil) and nadaswaram (non-brass acoustic instrument) are played. The bride's brother greets the groom at the venue by washing his feet with water. In exchange, the groom gives the brother small gifts such as a gold chain, a bracelet, or money. Following that, the groom is escorted to the mandapam by two of his relatives. He circles three times around the mandapam and sits next to the bride who is already there.

# data[].attributes.body
Next is the Nuptial ceremony. This ceremony will be conducted by a priest. The priest is replaced by an elderly member of the bride's or groom's family. The bride and groom sit next to each other after circling around the mandapam. The bride should ideally be seated on the groom's left side and the groom  will tie the mangalsutra known as 'thaali' in Malayalam, around the bride's neck at the muhurtham time. The priest passes the garlands and bouquets to the bride and groom to exchange. Following the exchange of garlands, the bride's father performs the kanyaadaan (giving away the bride) by placing the bride's hand over the groom's hand. Right after that, the newlyweds circles around the mandapam for three times. The groom then applies vermillion (sindooram) on the parting-line of the bride's hair in exchange for chandan on his forehead. By touching their parents' feet, the couple seeks blessings for their parents. The bride's family throw a feast soon after the wedding, where guests are served traditional dishes.

# data[].attributes.body
In most cases, the groom's family arranges the reception shortly after the wedding. However, due to convenience, the reception can now be held a few days after the wedding. Family, friends, and distant acquaintances attend the reception to celebrate and bless the newlyweds.

# data[].attributes.body
After tying the wedding knot, the bride along with the groom will head towards his house. There, they are welcomed by the parents and family members of the groom. The sister-in law or the maternal relative of the groom welcomes the bride, with aarti. Thereafter, she hands over the plate to the bride, who enters her 'new home', formally. Soon after grihapravesham, the bride and the groom are offered a sweet mixture of banana and milk, by their elder ones.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Amanda & Jonathan | Full Wedding Highlight

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Traditional Malayalam wedding | Gandhi & Malini

# data[].attributes.body
Pre-wedding
- Nichayathartham
- Pellikuturu and Pellikoduku

Wedding day
- Mangala Snaman
- Snathakam
- Kashi Yatra
- Ganesh Pooja
- Gauri Pooja
- Bride's entry
- Kanyadaan and Panigrahanam
- Jellakara-Bellam
- Mangalsutram
- Talambralu
- Pradhanam
- Kanyadaan Akshata
- Saptapadi and Sthaalipaakam
- Arundhati Nakshatram

# data[].attributes.body
The first stage is Nichayathartham also known as the official engagement ceremony of the bride and groom. The purpose of this ceremony is to announce their intention to take a further step in their relationship which is getting married. An auspicious date and time for the wedding is also decided during the Nichayathartham. The couple exchanges rings during the ceremony, following which the future mother-in-law of the bride gives her jewellery, clothes and silverware to bless the bride.

# data[].attributes.body
A day or two before the wedding, the bride and groom's will host the Pellikuturu and Pellikoduku ceremonies separately at their own house. The bride and groom are covered in naluga, a paste made of wheat and turmeric that is created with scented oils for this ritual. After that, they will receive a holy bath in water mixed with turmeric to purify their bodies and minds in preparation for the wedding's sacred ritual.

# data[].attributes.body
Mangala’ means holy, and ‘Snanam’ means bath. The ceremony takes place on the wedding day and in the morning. The groom and the bride are taken for ceremonial baths at a decided location and time. After the bath is over, the bride and the groom are dressed in the first set of clothing for their wedding before carrying out the other rituals.

# data[].attributes.body
The groom is required to take a holy bath as part of the wedding ceremonies, and as a symbol of a new beginning in his life, a holy silver thread is wrapped around the upper torso of the groom. Also, it shows that the man is prepared for marriage. This ritual is known as snathakam.

# data[].attributes.body
The groom pretends to be uninterested in marriage and would rather to travel to Kashi for a religious pilgrimage as part of the fun and playful Kashi Yatra ceremony. The bride's father and brother then intervene to prevent the groom from embarking on a pilgrimage and ask him to wed the future bride.

# data[].attributes.body
The mandap's first pooja is the Ganesh Pooja. The person who goes through this ritual will be the groom. Ganesh pooja is performed in order to grant the newlyweds a good life and shield them from any unpleasant circumstances on their wedding day.

# data[].attributes.body
During the Gauri Pooja, the bride prays to Goddess Gauri. Goddess Gauri is a representation of motherhood, the victory of good over evil, and fertility. The bride seeks for Goddess Gauri’s blessings so that she will become a good wife and mother

# data[].attributes.body
After the poojas, the bride and her family enter the location together. In some customs, the bride is carried to the mandap by her uncles while sitting on top of a straw basket. The bride and groom are not permitted to gaze at one another until the Jeelakara Bellam rite is over. Thus, a Terasala curtain or chadar is erected between them.

# data[].attributes.body
In the Kanyadaan and Panigrahanam ceremonies, the bride's parents wash the groom's feet before offering their daughter's hand to him. The groom will take and hold her hand as a sign that he promised her a lifetime of love, respect and protection.

# data[].attributes.body
A paste made of cumin and jaggery is applied to the couple's hands to start this procedure. Because timing is so crucial for this rite, the ceremony is held at an auspicious hour or the exact mahurat. The married couple moves their hands above the curtain at the precise mahurat and applies paste to each other's heads. Through the bittersweet moments of life, the pair will stick together, as symbolized by the ritual.

# data[].attributes.body
The bride and groom are instructed to change into the madhuparakam, which are white or cream-colored garments with red, green, or yellow borders, right after they done with Jeelakara Bellam. Mangalasutram (a sacred yellow thread covered with turmeric and adorned with two gold pendants) will be placed on a coconut and passes it around the family members for blessings as the bride and the groom get dressed.

# data[].attributes.body
Between two major events, Talambralu serves as a delightful interval. During this time, the bride and groom sprinkle each other with talambralu (pearls, coloured thermocol balls, or rice painted with turmeric paste), while the pandit chants mantras. Significant events only occur the first three times, after that, it becomes a game. The relatives also get involved and try to give their side an advantage by giving them more rice than the opposite.

# data[].attributes.body
A pot of milk and rose petals is prepared after the Talambralu. It is presented to the mandap with a gold ring within it. The bride and groom then play a humorous game in which they put their arms into a pot to see who can find the engagement ring first. Both the bride and groom and others who are watching find it to be an entertaining game.

# data[].attributes.body
The bride and groom exchange jaimalas after Talambralu and Pradhanam to indicate their acceptance of one another as life partners. Friends and family present the couple with flowers and rice that is dyed with turmeric as they exchange flower garlands.

# data[].attributes.body
In this ceremony, the couple exchanges marriage vows while they circle around the holy fire seven times. As they circle the homan (fire) seven times, the groom ties one end of his dhoti to the bride's saree. They make seven promises to one another as they move forward: sustenance, togetherness in both joy and sadness, money, strength, to take care of their parents and children, to be bestfriends forever.

# data[].attributes.body
The priest leads the couple out of the mandap to look for the Arundhati and Vasistha nakshatram (star) in the sky. The Arundhati and Vasistha star represent the ideal pair, and they are shown to the couple to set an example. The groom points out the stars to his bride. Following that, the groom places a silver toe ring on the bride's toe.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Javanese Traditional Wedding - Indonesian Wedding Video

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Subhash + Vinusha | Telugu Wedding Highlights by RJ Wedding Films