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1. Choose a spokesperson

2. All students in the group are to work on all of the following questions/sections included in the Padlet

3. You can use diagrams/images other visual resources to explain each respiratory condition.

4. When we come back to the whole class, the spokesperson will feedback the groups findings, with the teams support

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Pneumonia
-Infectious disease that inflames bronchioles and alveoli which fill with exudate

-The acute pulmonary infection can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and infects the lungs, causing inflammation of the air sacs and pleural effusion, a condition in which the lung is filled with fluid

Inflammation can damage lung tissue and cause consolidation, resulting in further reduced lung surface area

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2. Is it obstructive or restrictive? Why?

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2. Is it obstructive or restrictive? Why?

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Restrictive
-difficulty filling the lungs with air during inhalation due to build up of mucous reducing the compliance of alveoli
-characterized by reduced total lung capacity.

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4. Explain the role of V/Q mismatch in this condition.

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4. Explain the role of V/Q mismatch in this condition.

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Low ventilation to perfusion ratio: When alveoli are totally filled with inflammatory exudate, there maybe no ventilation on this region, thus, extreme ventilation-perfusion inequality happen.

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6. What type of respiratory failure would this condition lead to?

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6. What type of respiratory failure would this condition lead to?

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T1RF - poor oxygenation due to obstruction of gases diffusing across the cell membranes

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3. How does the condition effect lung compliance and/or airway resistance?

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3. How does the condition effect lung compliance and/or airway resistance?

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The loss of volume reduces total functional lung compliance and increases the work of breathing. There is also evidence that the dynamic compliance of the remaining ventilated lung is reduced.

increased mucus build up that caused stiffening. Decrease elasticity with reduced recoil.

Airway resistance is increased - narrowed with inflammation and viscous mucous affecting air entry

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PH-reduced due to acidosis caused by carbon dioxide retention.
PaCO2-may be High due to inability to exhale through the lungs-obstructed airways(severe pneumonia)
Bicarb-would be high due to dissociation of accumulated CO2(severe pneumonia)
PaO2-Low as less Oxygen get into the alveoli due to fluid, infective materials accumulated within.
SaO2-Low as less O2 Diffuses into the blood through alveolar and capillary membrane.

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Chest Xray
To diagnose pneumonia, the infected tissue will show denser areas and therefore appear as white spots in the darker background of the lungs. These white spots, called infiltrates, will then be used to diagnose pneumonia and determine how severe the infection is.

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5. How is oxygenation and ventilation affected? Eg. consider O2 content, O2 delivery, alveolar ventilation 

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5. How is oxygenation and ventilation affected? Eg. consider O2 content, O2 delivery, alveolar ventilation 

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Oxygenation in the blood and tissues is reduced; oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange between the lung tissue and capillary membrane is affected due to obstructive build up of fluid; mucous and inflammation to tissues, reducing the ability of gases to diffuse through the capillary membrane

Ventilation is affected in the lungs; poor compliance of lung tissue due to inflamed bronchioles and alveoli sacs with build up of mucous, inflammatory cells and damage to tissue creating stiffening with poor elasticity and recoil of lung tissue; in severe disease, consolidation of lung tissue can occur

Temperatures might increase pressures in the lungs and reduce oxygenation further

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8. What are the typical clinical manifestations/ patient assessment data? (relate these to pathophysiology concepts already described)

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8. What are the typical clinical manifestations/ patient assessment data? (relate these to pathophysiology concepts already described)

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Infectious agent /gastric contents /foreign substance stick on the pulmonary tissue and inflammation starts from there..

That leads to oedema / swelling of the membrane and gases cannot cross the alvelolar membrane due the thickness  and air cant pass properly to the alveoli.

So hypoxia occurs and leads to increase the amount of CO2 in the blood. These leads to SOB and fatigue. Inside the lung , it leads to tissue necrosis and leads to increase production of sputum.

ASEESMENT
spo2 monitoring, abg analysis, chest xray, chest ausultation with more craclkes/ crepts,low P/F ratio