# data[].attributes.headline
What is Evaporation? Simple Evaporation Experiments

# data[].attributes.subject
What is Evaporation? Simple Evaporation Experiments

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Convection

When you boil water in the kettle, even if you heat only the bottom, the whole water becomes evenly hot. This is because water transfers heat while moving directly. In this way, liquid or gaseous substances can transfer heat while moving directly elsewhere. This phenomenon is called convection.

Examples of convection you can see around us

When you turn on the radiator installed at the bottom, the warmed air rises up, and the surrounding cold air comes down to the radiator and warms up. This convection causes the entire room to warm evenly over time.
Conversely, when you turn on an air conditioner installed in a high place, the upper air cools down and moves downwards, while the lower air moves upwards to cool the entire room evenly.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
When you boil water in the kettle, even if you heat only the bottom, the whole water becomes evenly hot. This is because water transfers heat while moving directly. In this way, liquid or gaseous substances can transfer heat while moving directly elsewhere. This phenomenon is called convection.

# data[].attributes.headline
Particle Simulation of Thermal Conduction

# data[].attributes.subject
Particle Simulation of Thermal Conduction

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
About this simulation

1. This simulation shows the particle's temperature by its color.
● Red means high temperature.
● Blue means low temperature.

2. We apply Hooke's law between particles.(\(f=-kx\))

Thermal Conduction

Conduction is a method of transfer of heat that occurs primarily in solids.
For example, a spoon dipped in hot water will receive heat from the part submerged in water, gradually warming the entire spoon.
The particles that make up such a hot object are actively moving, transmitting the vibrations of the particles to other adjacent particles.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Particle Simulation of Thermal Conduction - JavaLab

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This simulation shows the particle's temperature by its color.● Red means high temperature. ● Blue means low temperature. We apply Hooke's law between particles.(\(f=-kx\)) Conduction is a method of transfer of heat that occurs primarily in solids. For example, a spoon dipped in hot water will receive heat from the part submerged in water, gradually warming the entire spoon.

# data[].attributes.headline
Conduction Until Equilibrium (Same Temperature)

# data[].attributes.subject
Conduction Until Equilibrium (Same Temperature)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Conduction of Heat

If a high-temperature object and a low-temperature object are attached to each other, the high-temperature object's heat moves to the low heat by molecular motion.

Examples of Conduction that can be seen around us

Gold, silver, iron, and aluminum are materials that conduct heat well. On the other hand, glass, plastic, wood, etc., do not conduct heat well. If you soak a metal spoon and a wooden spoon in hot water and touch it after a while, you will find that the metal spoon is hot, but the wooden spoon is not.
It feels cold when sitting in a metal chair outside on a cold winter day. However, the wooden chair feels less cold. Both metal and wooden chairs are at the same temperature, so why do they feel differently cold? This is because when you sit in a chair, and your body's heat is conducted to metal or wood, the heat is better conducted to metal than to wood, and the body temperature drops faster.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Conduction of Heat If a high-temperature object and a low-temperature object are attached to each other, the high-temperature object's heat moves to the low heat by molecular motion. Examples of Conduction that can be seen around us Gold, silver, iron,...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
ExploreLearning : Get hands-on, minds-on in math and science

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Select an inquiry type above for suggestions

Please provide as much of the following information as possible:

Name of Gizmo

Detailed description of issue

Device being used

Username

Browser being used

Location: Home, or school

Please provide as much information as possible in your request.

Please provide your name and the name of your school and/or district.

Please provide as much information as possible in your request.

Please provide:

Your name

The name of you school and/or district

Contract number

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Heat Transfer by Conduction Gizmo : Lesson Info : ExploreLearning

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
An insulated beaker of hot water is connected to a beaker of cold water with a conducting bar, and over time the temperatures of the beakers equalize as heat is transferred through the bar. Four materials (aluminum, copper, steel, and glass) are available for the bar.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
ExploreLearning : Get hands-on, minds-on in math and science

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Conduction and Convection Gizmo : Lesson Info : ExploreLearning

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Two flasks hold colored water, one yellow and the other blue. Set the starting temperature of each flask, choose a type of material to connect the flasks, and see how quickly the flasks heat up or cool down. The flasks can be connected with a hollow pipe, allowing the water in the flasks to mix, or…

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
ExploreLearning : Get hands-on, minds-on in math and science

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Select an inquiry type above for suggestions

Please provide as much of the following information as possible:

Name of Gizmo

Detailed description of issue

Device being used

Username

Browser being used

Location: Home, or school

Please provide as much information as possible in your request.

Please provide your name and the name of your school and/or district.

Please provide as much information as possible in your request.

Please provide:

Your name

The name of you school and/or district

Contract number

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Heat Absorption Gizmo : Lesson Info : ExploreLearning

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Shine a powerful flashlight on a variety of materials, and measure how quickly each material heats up. See how the light angle, light color, type of material, and material color affect heating. A glass cover can be added to simulate a greenhouse.

# data[].attributes.headline
Heat Loss by Evaporation of High Energy Particles

# data[].attributes.subject
Heat Loss by Evaporation of High Energy Particles

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
ExploreLearning : Get hands-on, minds-on in math and science

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Relative Humidity Gizmo : ExploreLearning

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Measure the temperature on wet and dry bulb thermometers to determine relative humidity. Measure the dew point by cooling a bucket of water until condensation forms on the surface. See how the relative humidity and dew point change over the course of a day.

# data[].attributes.headline
How Evaporation (Expanding Particles) Cools AC and Fridges

# data[].attributes.subject
How Evaporation (Expanding Particles) Cools AC and Fridges

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The principle of air conditioner and refrigerator - JavaLab

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The air conditioner The air conditioner is based on ‘evaporative heat’(a phenomenon that absorbs the surrounding heat when the liquid…

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
If you are asked to access your location, please allow it.
Your personal data is not stored on the server.

Earth Rotation and Seasonal Changes

The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of about 23.5 ° to the orbital axis. Because of this inclination, seasonal changes occur like as spring, summer, autumn and winter.

The sun illuminates the northern hemisphere more in June-August. So, the northern hemisphere becomes summer and the southern hemisphere becomes winter. Six months later, the sun will illuminates the southern hemisphere more. So, the northern hemisphere will be winter and the southern hemisphere will be summer.

Is it hot in the summer because the earth gets closer to the sun?

No.
In the northern hemisphere, the sun is a little further away in summer.
The reason why the summer is hot is not because of the distance from the sun, but the high altitude of the sun. Because of the high altitude of the sun, the amount of solar radiation per unit area is greater.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Earth's Revolution and Seasons (WebGL) - JavaLab

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you are asked to access your location, please allow it. Your personal data is not stored on the server. Earth Rotation and Seasonal Changes The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of about 23.5 ° to the orbital axis. Because of this inclination, seasonal changes occur like as spring, summer, autumn and winter.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Seasons Interactive

Each year on Earth, we observe patterns of changing temperatures, daylight hours, and seasons. In this activity, you will use a computer simulation to model Earth's orbit around the Sun to help understand why we observe these patterns.

Resources

Student Book Pages and Student Sheets

Interactive

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Each year on Earth, we observe patterns of changing temperatures, daylight hours, and seasons. In this activity, you will use a computer simulation to model Earth's orbit around the Sun to help understand why we observe these patterns. Student Book Pages and Student Sheets

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Diurnal Motion

Fix the camera towards Polaris at night, shoot for a few hours, and you'll see the stars move in a circle around Polaris.

This movement of the stars in a circle once a day is called a diurnal motion. This motion occurs because the Earth spins from west to east.

The sun and the moon also do the diurnal motion due to the Earth's spin. The repetition of day and night is also because the Earth rotates. Besides, satellites orbiting the Earth gradually move westward each time they return, and this phenomenon is also caused by the Earth's spin.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Fix the camera towards Polaris at night, shoot for a few hours, and you'll see the stars move in a circle around Polaris. This movement of the stars in a circle once a day is called a diurnal motion. This motion occurs because the Earth spins from west to east.

# data[].attributes.headline
Conduction Through Walls of Different Materials

# data[].attributes.subject
Conduction Through Walls of Different Materials

# data[].attributes.body
Use the "Examples" menu (especially Building Energy Analysis) after downloading the software to see simulations that show how building design can be a heat/cold related solution.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
" Please accept our thanks and congratulations for your very interesting work which I am sure are having a great positive impact in our society." - from Roberto Quevedo, Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias, INVOLCAN, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
By Carmen Trudell, University of Virginia
What is it?

Based on computational physics, Energy2D is an interactive multiphysics simulation program that models all three modes of heat transfer-conduction, convection, and radiation, and their coupling with particle dynamics. Energy2D runs quickly on most computers and eliminates the switches among preprocessors, solvers, and postprocessors typically needed to perform computational fluid dynamics simulations. It allows you to design "computational experiments" to test a scientific hypothesis or solve an engineering problem without resorting to complex mathematics. Work is also underway to incorporate other types of energy transformations (e.g., phase changes and chemical reactions through the Stefan condition) and support multiple types of fluids (e.g., air and water).

How to cite it?

Charles Xie, Interactive Heat Transfer Simulations for Everyone, The Physics Teacher, Volume 50, Issue 4, pp. 237-240, 2012.

An IR image of a heated model house with a ceiling

An IR image of a heated model house without a ceiling

An Energy2D simulation of a heated house with a ceiling

An Energy2D simulation of a heated house without a ceiling

How well does it model reality?

The conduction part of Energy2D is highly accurate, but the convection and radiation parts are not 100% accurate. Hence, in cases that involve convection and radiation, Energy2D results should be considered as qualitative. The pictures to the right show a comparison of the results of Energy2D simulations with images from infrared thermography for a simple model house. The thermal patterns predicted by Energy2D roughly match those from a thermal camera.

How many papers have used it?

More than 40 scientific papers have used Energy2D as a research tool (not just a citation), demonstrating its wide applications across science and engineering.

How many books have recommended it?

The following is a list of books that have recommended Energy2D:

1. Franco Landriscina, Simulation and Learning: A Model-Centered Approach, Springer, 2013

2. Jiyuan Tu, Guan Heng Yeoh, and Chaoqun Liu, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Second Edition: A Practical Approach, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012

What people are saying about it?

"...we have suggested the adoption of the platform Energy2D for a very effective "what-if" game in terms of the construction of cases of study eventually much more complex than the one here addressed. We have shown a solid reliability of the simulation in the description of our experiment: it can open the way to a basically unlimited number of applications, including those, for example, in which convective transport phenomena play a non-negligible role." - from Stefano Oss, European Journal of Physics

"The software program Energy2D is used to solve the dynamic Fourier heat transfer equations for the Convective Concrete case. Energy2D is a relatively new program (Xie, 2012) and is not yet widely used as a building performance simulation tool. To gain more confidence in the predictions with Energy2D, an analytical validation study was therefore carried out first, inspired by the approach described in Hensen and Nakhi (1994). Those analytical solutions and the simulation results of the dynamic response to a 20°C temperature step change on the surface of a concrete construction with the following properties were compared for this research... the simulation results never divert from the exact solution more than 0.45°C and it is therefore considered acceptable to further use this model." - Dennis de Witte, Marie L. de Klijn-Chevalerias, Roel C.G.M. Loonen, Jan L.M. Hensen, Ulrich Knaack, & Gregor Zimmermann, Journal of Facade Design and Engineering

"Thank you for your absolutely great app which helps me a lot for visualizing my lecture in thermodynamics. It is also very nice to see that three platforms are supported and every single one is free to use. That is just awesome and I want to say thank you for all users. I do not know how many messages of this type you are receiving." - from Martin Weise, Austria

"In gearing up to teach a course called Building Science this semester, I somehow stumbled across your program Energy2D and Energy3D. I was really impressed by how simple and easy these tools were and I'm definitely going to integrate them into some portion of my lectures." - Prof. Brent Stephens, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA

"I am currently involved in renewable energy related research activities and teaching. I have downloaded and demonstrating Energy2D for my heat transfer course. It is really a very useful tool." - Dr. Mazharul Islam, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia

"Today during the lunch break a little simulated comparison fan in the suction and blowing operation collector here about 50x70 cm and fan with 2 meters / second. [The result] is confirmed by the experiences of several users: pressure losses and less volume of air in the blowing operation." ( Link to the source)

"...what was really interesting, was that when I continued playing with the simulator, sometimes my convection examples would split into two cycling air cells, one above and to the left, one below and to the right, with the hot air blasting right for the cold source, rather than rising. That's really interesting, because I've experienced this when using smoke demonstrations in class, and the fact that the simulator can capture that behavior shows how accurate this teaching tool actually is." ( Link to the source)

"...this free software is basic, yet you can modify properties and all, the desktop download gives better results and the pages have a choice of practical setups to download and use that are very practical" ( Link to the source)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
" Please accept our thanks and congratulations for your very interesting work which I am sure are having a great positive impact in our society."

# data[].attributes.body
Use the "Examples" menu after downloading the software to run simulations and collect data based on location and latitude.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Energy3D: Learning to Build a Sustainable Future

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Energy3D is a simulation-based engineering tool for designing green buildings and power stations that harness renewable energy to achieve sustainable development. Users can quickly sketch up a realistic-looking structure or import one from an existing CAD file, superimpose it on a map image (e.g…