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EARLY BEGINNINGS          (Herbs/Plants)      

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EARLY BEGINNINGS          (Herbs/Plants)      

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Primitive humans had little to nothing, and used Herbs and Plants In an attempt to heal, which was mostly consisted of superstition, where they would use tribal doctors to perform ceremonies to exorcise evil spirits, Digitalis comes from the foxglove plant, In early times people chewed the leaves of the foxglove plant, to strengthen and slow the heartbeat, Quinine comes from the bark of the cinchona tree, It controls fever relieves muscle spasms and helps prevent malaria, Belladonna and atropine are made from the poisonous nightshade plant, They
relieve muscle spasm especially in gastrointestinal (GI) pain, Morphine is made from the opium poppy, It relieves severe pain, It is addicting and is used only when nothing else will help, Prehistoric humans probably had their first medicinal experiences through eating earth and clay's, They may have copied animals, observing how some clay's had healing qualities, Similarly some clay's are useful for treating wounds.

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MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES                   (Hippocrates)

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MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES                   (Hippocrates)

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Hippocrates was a Greek physician, At a time when most people attributed sickness to superstition and the wrath of the gods, Hippocrates taught that all forms of illness had a natural cause, and The Egyptians were the earliest people to keep accurate health records, They were superstitious and called upon the gods to heal them, They also learned to identify certain diseases, They used medicines to heal disease and learned the art of splinting fractures, The ancient Greeks were the first to study the causes of disease, They kept
records on what they observed and what they thought caused illness, Hippocrates kept careful notes of the signs and symptoms of many diseases. With these records he found that disease was not caused by supernatural forces, Hippocrates wrote the standard of ethics
called the Oath of Hippocrates, This standard is the basis for today's medical ethics Physicians still take this oath, The Greeks observed and measured the effects of disease. They found that some disease was caused by lack of sanitation, The Romans learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system. They brought clean water into their cities by way of
aqueducts, They built sewers to carry off waste. They also built public
baths with filtering systems. This was the beginning of public health and sanitation, The Romans were the first to organize medical care. They sent medical equipment and physicians with their armies to care for wounded soldiers, Roman physicians
kept a room in their houses for the ill. This was the beginning of hospitals.

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THE DARK AGES AND THE MIDDLE AGES             (Custodial Care)

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THE DARK AGES AND THE MIDDLE AGES             (Custodial Care)

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When the Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns the
study of medical science stopped, For a period of 1,000 years, medicine was practiced only in convents and monasteries, Because the Church believed that life and death were in God's hands the monks and priests had no interest in how the body functioned, Medication consisted of herbal mixtures, The care was custodial, Terrible epidemics caused millions of deaths during this period, Bubonic plague alone killed 60 million people, Other uncontrolled diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis, Today these illnesses are not always life threatening Scientists have discovered vaccines and medications to control these diseases, It is important to remember that some diseases can become epidemic if people are not vaccinated, Most doctors still believed the Greek theory from Galen a doctor during the Roman Empire, They believed in many different explanations for ill health, some of which were associated with the supernatural, During epidemics people would blame witches nobility or groups who were culturally different such as Jewish people and attack them, some god believers whipped themselves to try to earn God's forgiveness, Parliament passed the first law requiring people to keep the streets and rivers clean in 1388.

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THE RENAISSANCE         (New Scientific Progress Began)

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THE RENAISSANCE         (New Scientific Progress Began)

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The Renaissance period saw the rebirth of learning, a renewed interest in the ideas of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations,  During this period, new scientific progress began, There were many developments during this period, The building of universities and medical schools for research, The search for new ideas about disease rather than the unquestioning acceptance of disease as the will of God, The acceptance of dissection of the body for study, The development of the printing press, the publishing of books started, allowing
greater access to knowledge from research because of books, These changes influenced the future of medical science, During this time great medical personalities and scholar humanists made unique advances to medicine and surgery, Hospitals during the Middle Ages were more like the hospitals of today or homes for the aged and needy, The Early Middle Ages, or Dark Ages, started when invasions broke up Western Europe into small territories run by feudal lords, Only in the monasteries was there a chance for learning and science to continue. Often, monks were the only people who could read and write.

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THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES  (Anatomy/Circulation/ And Microscope)

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THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES  (Anatomy/Circulation/ And Microscope)

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The desire for learning that began during the Renaissance continued through the next two centuries, During this time several outstanding scientists added new
knowledge, Leonardo da Vinci studied and recorded the anatomy of the body, William Harvey used this knowledge to understand physiology, he was able
to describe the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart, Gabriele Fallopius discovered the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy, Bartolommeo Eustachio discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope, establishing that there is life smaller than the eye can see, Van Leeuwenhoek scraped his teeth and observed the bacteria that cause tooth decay, Although it was not yet realized the germs that cause disease were now visible, Unfortunately quackery mass death from
child bed fever and disease continued, The causes of infection and disease were still not understand, At Basel in Switzerland Vesalius publishes in 1543 his great work - De humani corporis fabrica (The Structure of the Human Body).

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Many discoveries were made in the eighteenth century that required a new way of teaching medicine, Students not only attended lectures in the classroom and laboratory. but also observed patients at the bedside, When a patient died they dissected the body and were able to observe the disease process, This led to a better understanding of the causes of illness and death, The study of physiology continued and more new discoveries were made, René Laennec invented the stethoscope., The first stethoscope was made of wood, It increased the ability to hear the heart and lungs, allowing doctors to determine if disease was present, Joseph Priestley discovered the element oxygen, He also observed that plants refresh air that has lost its oxygen making it usable for respiration, Benjamin Franklin's discoveries affect us in many ways His discoveries included
bifocals, and he found that colds could be passed from person to person, Edward Jenner discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox, Smallpox killed
many people in epidemics His discovery saved millions of lives, His discovery also led to immunization and to preventive medicine in public health.

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THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES      (Discoveries/New Inventions)

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THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES      (Discoveries/New Inventions)

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Medicine continued to progress rapidly, and the nineteenth century was the beginning of the organized advancement of medical science, there were Important events during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Ignaz Semmelweis identified the cause of childbed fever, Large numbers of women died from this fever after giving birth, These physicians did rhot wash their hands or
change their aprons before they delivered babies, Their hands were dirty and
they infected the women, Semmelweis realized what was appening but other physicians laughed at him. Eventually his studies were proved correct by others, and handwashing and cleanliness became an accepted practice, Today handwashing is still one of the most important ways that we control the spread
of infection, Louis Pasteur discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere, Joseph Lister used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that cause infection, Ernst von Bergmann developed asepsis, Robert Koch discovered many disease causing organisms, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895, Paul Ehrlich discovered the effect of medicine on disease causing microorganismsa

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THE ADVANCEMENT OF NURSING                   (Nursing)

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THE ADVANCEMENT OF NURSING                   (Nursing)

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In the nineteenth century nursing became an important part of medical care, The graduates from this school raised the standards of nursing and nursing became a respectable profession, Before this time nursing was considered unsuitable for a respectable lady, The people giving care to patients were among the lowest in society—"too old, too weak, too drunken, too dirty, or too bad to do anything else.", Florence Nightingale came from a cultured middle class family who opposed her interest in caring for the ill, However she convinced her father to give her money to live and she gained experience by volunteering in hospitals, During the Crimean War she took a group of 38 women to care for soldiers dying from cholera, She became a legend while she was there
because of her dedication to nursing, After the war she devoted much of her life to preparing reports on the need for better sanitation and construction and management of hospitals, Her primary goal was to gain effective training f or nurses, The public established a Nightingale fund to pay for the training protection and living costs of nurses, She also designed a hospital ward that improved the environment and care of the patients. The ward that she designed allowed for a limited
number of beds permitted circulation of air had windows on three sides and was clean, During this time Clara Barton sewed as a volunteer nurse in the
American Civil War, Another step forward in the field of nursing was contributed by Lillian Wald.