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Global warming, the gradual heating of Earth's surface, oceans and atmosphere, is caused by human activity, primarily the burning of fossil fuels that pump carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

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Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth's local, regional and global climates. These changes have a broad range of observed effects that are synonymous with the term.

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Global warming stresses ecosystems through temperature rises, water shortages, increased fire threats, drought, weed and pest invasions, intense storm damage and salt invasion

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More frequent and intense drought, storms, heat waves, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and warming oceans can directly harm animals, destroy the places they live, and wreak havoc on people's livelihoods and communities. As climate change worsens, dangerous weather events are becoming more frequent or severe.

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Aryaa Padhi, Zafir Hasan, Aditi Patel, Siddhi Shetty, Palak Zala Dhruv Maheta and Dhariya Maheta

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Aryaa Padhi, Zafir Hasan, Aditi Patel, Siddhi Shetty, Palak Zala Dhruv Maheta and Dhariya Maheta

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Class 7E

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Sustainable Development Goal 13 is about climate action and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording is to "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts". The Goal has targets to be achieved by 2030.The goal aims to mobilize US$100 billion annually by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries to both adapt to climate change and invest in low-carbon development.  Supporting vulnerable regions will directly contribute not only to Goal 13 but also to the other SDGs.

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Sustainable Development Goal 13 is about climate action and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording is to "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts". The Goal has targets to be achieved by 2030.  The main targets of
SDG-13 is to protect the plant and stop climate change .

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Threats to Flora- The major threats to plant to FLORA are-
1) habitat loss
2) fragmentation
3) degradation
4) over exploitation
5) invasive species
6) pollution
7) Changing climate leading to extinction of species .
8) Deforestation .
9) Using of chemical fertilizers .
10) Urbanization
Steps taken by India to protect Flora -
1) By building 14 biosphere reserve  like Sundarban biosphere reserve etc..

2) By controlling deforestation by launching "adopting afforestation scheme"

3) National Forest Policy:
In this policy Joint Forest management and local villages worked together to manage forest. For this local villages were credited with 25% of the income of that particular forest area.

4) Conservation of Reserve forest:
Reserve forests are mainly located in Himalayan, Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats together with national parks and sanctuaries. In all these areas, commercial exploitation should be banned.

5) Local People Involvement:
Common people can play an important role for forest conservation. But the need is that there should be awareness among peoples. Public support must be generated to achieve the goal of forest production. One of the movement was Chipko Movement (1972).

6) Adopting afforestation Scheme:
Forest serves as a source of raw material for commercial sector of the country. So to fulfill this need for forest based industries for longer time, plantation should be promoted in the barren or fallow land.

7)Increasing Forest Productivity:
The productivity of forest is  enhanced by:
(a) Proper Forest Management
(b) Supplying proper nutritional demand to the plants by inorganic and organic fertilizer.
(c) Controlling disease, pests and weed by adequate insecticides, pesticides and weedicides.
(d) Use of advanced technique for forest tree breeding and tissue culture method.

Steps taken by Canada to protect Flora -

1) the maintenance of viable populations of native wild flora and fauna in their natural habitats, ecosystems, landscapes and waterscapes.
$150 to the G7 African Renewable
Energy Initiative to address both
climate change mitigation and
access to energy by leveraging
private sector investment.

2) $17.2 million to Cowater
International to support sustainable energy and economic growth in the particularly vulnerable region of Boucle du Mouhoun, Burkina Faso.

3) Canada will continue to implement its Paris Agreement commitments by reducing GHG emissions, pricing
carbon pollution across Canada in 2018 and implementing regulations for coal-fired and natural gas electricity, heavy-duty vehicles and
the oil and gas sector.

4) The Government of Canada will launch the Canadian Centre for Climate Services to deliver trusted and useful climate information and tools to support climate adaptation, as well as consider the advice of the
external Expert Panel on Climate
Change Adaptation and Resilience .

5) Alongside provinces and territories and Indigenous peoples, Canada will pursue a new Arctic Policy
Framework grounded in scientific and Indigenous knowledge to support the protection of Arctic biodiversity, community well-being and a sustainable and diversified economy.

6) Continue to deliver on our climate finance commitments, including by building on innovative strategies, such as blended climate finance.

7) Support the effective
implementation of the Paris
Agreement, including the
completion of the Paris Work
Programme (the “rulebook”) at COP 24 in December 2018.

8) Continue to support the
participation of women in
international climate change
negotiations, including through
the Gender Action Plan of the
UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change.

9) Target to reduce greenhouse gas emission by 30%

10) The first protected areas in Canada -
First National Park - Banff, Alberta (1885)
First Wildlife Sanctuary - Last Mountain Lake, Saskatchewan (1887)
First Provincial Park - Algonquin, Ontario (1893)
First Municipal Park - Mount Royal, Montreal, Quebec (1872)

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Conclusion for India-  India is a country full of nature and biodiversity with 91,000 species of animal, 1349 species of bird and 59,353 species  of insects . there are 544 wildlife sanctuaries, 103 national parks and 14 biosphere reserve. Few suggestions for this wonderful country - Attract “good” insects by planting pollen and nectar plants which will multiply growth of plants . Maintain wetlands by conserving water and reducing irrigation. Avoid draining water bodies on plant diversity.

Conclusion for Canada - Canada is a  country full of biodiversity with 80,000 species of animal , 690 species of bird and 55,000 species of insects . Few suggestions for this wonderful country - Use natural products and methods for pest control such as BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) for caterpillar infestation; use pesticides that have minimal residual effects. Encourage and support local government initiatives that protect habitat and decrease threats to biodiversity.
As a conclusion ,Green plants are the sources of energy for all organisms. All other organisms directly or indirectly depend on them for food. So, if all the green plants disappear from the earth, all the herbivores will die due to starvation and so will the carnivore, i.e., it would result in extinction of life from the earth.  Hence , flora is an important  constitute of  our environment. The human being is the main responsible for the destruction of flora. So, people should do many efforts to respect the law of protection of  flora and abide all the rules which stops climate change and save the plant diversity .
Useful video link -
https://youtu.be/YLslVHfoIeY

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Conclusion: Suggesting ways to combat climate change 

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Conclusion: Suggesting ways to combat climate change 

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1. Power your home with renewable energy.

2. Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize.

3. Invest in energy-efficient appliances.

4. Reduce water waste.

5. Actually eat the food you buy—and make less of it meat.

6. Buy better bulbs.

7. Pull the plug(s)

Video Link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBjy6sPSATo

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Climate Related Disasters India & Myanmar

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Climate Related Disasters India & Myanmar

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# Myanmar
In Myanmar, the observed evidence of change over the last 60 years includes a nationwide increase in temperature of on average around 0.08°C per decade and an increase in total rainfall (29-215 millimetres per decade). Importantly, changes in the duration of the monsoon season have been observed as well as the recurrence and severity of extreme weather events (NAPA 2012). Examples of observed changes in climate related hazards in Myanmar include, and their consequences include:
An increase in the prevalence of drought events:

Drought years were frequent in the 1980s and the 1990s, and there was a severe drought in 2010

An increase in intensity and frequency of cyclones/strong winds:

From 1887 to 2005, 1,248 tropical storms formed in the Bay of Bengal. Eighty of these storms (6.4 per cent of the total) reached Myanmar’s coastline.

Recent cyclones of note include Cyclone Mala (2006), Nargis (2008) and Giri (2010).

Cyclone Nargis hit the Ayeyarwady Delta in May 2008. It left 138,373 dead and affected a further 2.4 million people.

Cyclone Giri hit Rakhine State in October 2010, destroying 21,242 houses and affecting at least 224,212 people.

Rainfall variability including erratic and record-breaking intense rainfall events:

Over the period 1960-2009, there were shorter rainfall seasons in combination with erratic and intense rainfall resulted in numerous flooding events;

From July to October in 2011, there was heavy rain and flooding in the Ayeyarwady, Bago, Mon and Rakhine Regions/States.

An increase in the occurrence of flooding and storm surge:

From 1910 to 2000, 12 major floods occurred in the country.

In June 2001, a severe flash flood occurred in the Wundwin Township in central Myanmar, which swept away a number of villages.

In June 2010, intense rains resulted in excessive sedimentation of paddy fields in Rakhine State.

July and August 2015 flooding and landslides displaced 1.6 million people caused almost 120 deaths, and damaged agriculture and infrastructure.

An increase in extreme high temperatures:

During summer 2010, 1,482 heat related illnesses were reported and 260 heat-related deaths occurred across Myanmar.

Sea-level rise:

Between 2001 and 2010, sea-level rise in coastal areas caused cultivated lands inundated, and ground water contamination.

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(1) Agriculture, Livestock and Food Security

The rise in temperature in Myanmar is expected to have negative impacts on agricultural production and food security.

The highly productive deltaic and low-lying coastal rice cultivation areas will be exposed to increased salinity, coastal erosion and inundation.

(2) Environment, Natural Resources and Biodiversity

Myanmar is ecologically diverse: forest and ecosystem services benefit a range of socio-economic sectors and local livelihoods.

The country is undergoing change on multiple fronts, with pressures arising from internal reforms, economic liberalization and global trends, including climate change.

Impact on Forests

Climate change is likely to affect both the distribution and composition of forests in Myanmar. Changes in temperature and precipitation levels, as well as extreme climate events (drought and floods) have caused forest die-back, conversion of forests to grasslands/steppes/deserts and increased the spread of invasive species/insect pests.

Impact on Water Resources

The late onset and early withdrawal of the monsoon period will result in large quantities of rain falling over short periods, leading to flooding, contamination of water resources, erosion and limited replenishment of waterways.

Impact on Biodiversity

There is a shift in the range and migration patterns of species .

Impact on Tourism

Degradation of vegetation cover and poor land management around Inle Lake (Myanmar’s largest lake) has caused severe soil erosion and sedimentation resulting in the lake becoming shallower, impacting tourism, recreational activities and biodiversity.

(3) Energy, Industry and Transport

According to NAPA the expected changes will increase the vulnerability of power generation as Myanmar has the second highest hydropower potential in Asia after India, and river systems will be significantly impacted by erratic rainfall and droughts.

(4) Human Settlements and Cities

The concentration of assets and people in cities increases their vulnerability vis-à-vis severe climate related events. Flash floods, inundation, destruction of houses and basic infrastructure by tropical storms and cyclones.

5) Public Health

Increasing temperatures and erratic precipitation patterns will create favorable conditions for the spread of infectious diseases. Additional effects of increasing temperatures on human health include, inter alia, heat stress, heat exhaustion and dehydration

#India
In India, most of the losses come from an increase in flood events and cyclones, which are projected to increase in magnitude and frequency with climate change. India faces high exposure to climate-related disasters, and is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to extreme weather events in the world.
In 2018, a prolonged southwest monsoon over the state of Kerala resulted in one of the worst floods in 100 years, causing estimated losses of US$ 4.25 billion. Over 800,000 people were displaced and 400 lives lost over a span of 2 weeks. Up to 1% of the state’s GDP is estimated to have been lost, with the service sector, agriculture and industry all witnessing a slow down from the flood impacts.

Economic impacts

The Centre and State Disaster Relief Funds (NDRF and SDRF) have already issued over US$ 9.6 billion for flood relief across 8 of the affected states, compared to the US$ 7.7 billion released towards post-disaster relief measures between 2015-2017. Financial assistance from the government budget is directed towards relief, while banks and financial institutions also provide relief and rehabilitation support in the form of loans, rescheduling existing loans and sanctioning fresh loans in the face of natural disasters. As a result, loan recovery in the face of natural calamities becomes increasingly difficult, with the Indian banking sector reflecting an increase in agricultural and non-agricultural Non-Performing Assets (NPAs). Between 2012-2017, agricultural NPAs increased by 2.5 times, partly due to crop damage from weather-related events. After the Kashmir floods of 2014, non-agricultural NPAs increased from 8% of total NPAs in 2015 to 14% by 2016.
3 Things You Can Do to Help Avoid Climate Disaster

1. Fight Poverty. There's no question that we need to keep fossil fuels in the ground and rapidly shift to renewable energy. ...

2. Hold Corporations Accountable. ...

3. Disrupt Oppression.

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Introduction to Sustainable Goal Development number 13

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Introduction to Sustainable Goal Development number 13

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There is no country that is not experiencing the drastic effects of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions are more than 50% higher than 1990. Global warming is causing long-lasting changes to our climate change system, which threatens irreversible consequences of we do not act. The earth's climate is changing with severe consequences for our daily lives and the resilience of our countries. Climate change is disrupting national economies,  People are experiencing changing weather patterns, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events.

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# India
Air pollution in india is a serious health issue. Of the 30 most polluted cities in the world, 21 were in india. The 51% of pollution is caused by the industrial pollution, 27% by vehicles, 17% by crop burning and 5% by fireworks. Air pollution contributes to the premature deaths of 3 million indians every year. Emission come from vehicles and industry,  whereas in rural areas , much of the pollution stems from biomass burning for cooking and keeping warm.

# Japan
In accordance with the World Health Organisation's guidelines, the air quality in Japan is considered moderately unsafe. The most recent data indicates the country's annual mean concentration of PM2. Air quality in japan can be affected by haze blowing over from nearby countries, and the petrochemical and electricity industries. Available data indicates that indicates that Kagoshima, Fukuka, Osaka, Tokyo, and OKayama can experience high levels of air pollution.

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Introduction to sustainable goal 13
There is no country that is not experiencing the drastic effects of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions are more than 50 percent higher than in 1990. Global warming is causing long-lasting changes to our climate system, which threatens irreversible consequences if we do not act.

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The annual average economic losses from climate-related disasters are in the hundreds of billions of dollars. This is not to mention the human impact of geo-physical disasters, which are 91 percent climate-related, and which between 1998 and 2017 killed 1.3 million people, and left 4.4 billion injured.

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1. India's average temperature has already increased by around 0.7 degree Celsius during the 1901–2018 period due to greenhouse gas emissions.

2.by the end of 2100 it is expected to rise by approximately 4.4 degree Celsius (relative to 1976–2005 average, in the worst-case scenario), warns the first-ever climate change.

#Canada
1. Over the past half century, changes in climate have resulted in increased temperatures throughout much of Canada, altered precipitation patterns, reduced sea-ice cover, shifting hydrological conditions and changes in some extreme weather.

2.Average temperatures in Canada have already increased by 1.7 degrees Celsius since 1948.

3.According to the 2019 report Canada's Changing Climate Report (CCCR) Canada's annual average temperature over land has warmed by 1.7 C since 1948. The rate of warming is even higher in Canada's North side.

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Impacts of climate change are occurring now

Nevertheless, the conclusion is that natural systems around the world are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases, and that these temperature increases are very likely to be the result of  of greenhouse gases.

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India

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Climate change can have impacts on human health and safety, the economy, natural resources, and ecosystems in Canada and throughout the world. Climate impacts put supply chains and billions of dollars of assets at risk.there is not only 1or 2 country facing this problem but the whole world is with this problem.

Video link
https://youtu.be/7WQHcCTrTPw

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For stopping the air pollution

1. Switch to 100% green power
2. Save energy
3. Optimize the diet
4. Avoid plastic wherever you can
5. Sharing is caring!
5. Shrink your digital footprint
6. Avoid flying
7. Make Sustainable investments
9. Protect forests and plant more tress

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Air pollution – a major global public health issue

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Hindi integrated project

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Palak Zala
Disadvantages of impact of pollution on the earth and on lives.

Long- term health effects from air pollution includes heart disease, lung cancer,respiratory disease such as emphysema.

Air pollution
It is contamination of air by mixing it with different pollutants such as harmful fumes and chemical. This type of contamination can be caused by burning materials or by gases emmited by vehicles or harmful fumes emmited as a by-products of industries. Global activity is one of the biggest side effect of air pollution as per the experts.

Water pollution
It occurs when harmful substances-often when chemical or microorganisms-contaminate a stream,river,lake,ocean,aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or to the environment.

Noise pollution
It is considered to be any unwanted or disturbing sound that affects the health and well being of humans and other organisms. According to WHO, sound levels less than 70db are not damaging to living organisms, regardless of how long or consistent the exposure is.

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Palak Zala का वायु प्रदुषण पर जबरदस्त नारा 👇

∆ विकास और विज्ञान से यह कैसी हवा है आई , खुद के हाथों से हमने खुद की ही चिता सजाई।

∆ आओ हम सब मिलकर इस प्रदुषण को हटाएंगे , अपने हाथों से हम सब ढेर सारे पेड़ लगाएंगे।

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India

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Dhruv Maheta
Hindi

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Maths integrated project
Part - 1

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Maths integrated project
Part - 2

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SST integrated project
Sustainable development goal number 13
Sustainable development goal number 13 also known as SDG. It has the goal to mobalize US $ 100 billion annually by 2020 to address the need of developing countries to both adopt to climate change and invest in in low carbon development. Supporting vulnerable regions will directly contribute not only to goal number 13 but also to the other SDGs.
The sustainable development goals consider five elements that is people planet prosperity peace and partnership the 5 P's.

Subtopic ocean and marine life of India and Australia
The estimated 50 to 80% of all life on Earth is found under the ocean surface and the oceans contain 99% of living space on the planet. Less than 10% of the space has been explored by human 85% of area and 90% of volume constitutes the dark, cold environment beyond the deep sea. Based on the Global fisheries and the overall biodiversity of coral reef ecosystems the Pacific Ocean wins for most marine life.

Indian endangered animals in ocean
(1)Blue whale the largest living mammals on earth, the Blue whale are more than 100 feet in length and around 200 tons in weight.
The population of blue whale dropped from 250000 to around 1000 by 1950.
While  past few decades the population is slowly growing after signing of the Global moratorium on commercial whaling in 1982.
There remains only much smaller concentration of blue whales in the world. In Northern Indian ocean about 270 individuals are found so, overall if we compare 1950 and 2020 there is not much increase of population yet now they are 2000 in number.

Australian endangered animals in oceans
(1) The red Hand fish-
This is one of the most endangered species in Australia. Studies show that about 40 to 50 of them have been captured in photograph.
However diverse have discovered a new population of the critically endangered Red Hand fish on Tasmania 's coast. The new site currently had discovered about 20 to 40 individuals.

The 5 organisations working to preserve Indian ecosystem -
(1) Reefwatch Marine conservation-
This is a marine conservation NGO based on Mumbai, Maharashtra founded in 1993. This team rescues broken corals and help them secure these fragments using mineral accretion technology. and electrolysis.
(2) Society of marine Research and conservation -
SMRC is Marine conservation NGO located in coaching. Its mission is to help conserve marine life and ocean flora and fauna.Through research to provide best solutions to sustainable development.
●Apart from this, Indian government has taken measures for protection of marine environment by the following acts.
1.The maritime zones of India Act 1976.
2. The coast guard act 1978.

Steps Australia has taken save marine life-
(1)Pacific Ocean little project.
(2) The coral triangle initiative for coral reef fisheries and food security (CTI - CFF).
(3) Enhancing Pacific Ocean governance (EPOg).

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Maths integrated project
Part - 1

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Maths integrated project
Part - 2

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Sustainable Development -
Sustainable development is the over ranging paradigm of the United Nations. The concept of Sustainable development was described by the 1987 fruitland Commission report. As development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.
Development one people to planet prosperity peace partnership important measures for sustainable development are as follows
(1) Technology
(2)reduce reuse and recycle approach.
(3) Promoting Environmental education and awareness.
(4) Resource utilisation as per carrying capacity.
(5) Important quality of life including social cultural and economic dimensions.

Fauna -
Fauna is animal life especially the animal characteristics of a region.
Indian endangered animals -
(1) The Bengal tiger the Bengal tiger is national animal both of India and Bangladesh.
These are the powerful noctural Hunters that travel many miles to find buffalo,deer ,wild pigs, and other large mammals.
The main reason for decline in population of the Bengal tiger is because of poaching and habitat destruction.
Only in 1969 the authorities realised the scope of their decline, and measures were put in place to prevent the species from completely dying out. Between 1900 and 1972 the Bengal tiger population dropped from 40000 to 5000 Tu under 2000 individuals.

Brazil's endangered animals -
(1) Common squirrel monkeys -
Common squirrel monkeys are found primarily in the Amazon Basin.  Before the texts on was split, it had been considered to be within the trees of Brazil, Colombia Peru. However now these animals are said to be endangered in Brazil. The population has been reduced from 200 thousand in 1950 to 1970 to less than 5000 in in 2017 to 2020s.
This is believed to be largely due to the deforestation hunting and capture for The pet trade.

The Various Steps Taken By The Indian Government To Protect endangered Species -  (1) Project Tiger -
One of the most successful conservation ventures 'Project Tiger' which was initiated in 1972,  has not only contributed to the conservation of tigers but also to entire ecosystem.
(2)Project Elephant -
Number to project elephant the initiated in 1992 by government of India and project AIMS at conserving elephants. (3) Crocodile Conservation Project - (4)UNDP Sea Turtle Project

Steps Taken By Brazil Government to Protect Endangered Species -
(1) Under a essay the Federal government has the responsibility to protect endangered species, threatened species ,and critical habitat.