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There are two different theories about how humans reached America. The first theory is the land bridge theory. This theory states that people went across Beringia which was a land bridge that linked Siberia and Alaska. It was part of the pacific ocean, but it was shallow. Ice sheets receded and sea levels dropped which was the reason they were able to get across. The other theory is the coastal route theory. The coastal route theory is where migrants from Beringia island hopped along the coast line until they reached North America. Both of these routes have been discussed because there are different opinions.

-Source:  Mann,  Before Columbus, Chapter 6 (Sydney B.)

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Pleistocene animals were killed off around 11,500 BC. Why? We have a few ideas. The first idea is that hunters we label “Clovis people” led to their extinction. It may be that animals didn’t know to fear hunters. A second idea is that climate change killed off the megafauna.

-Source: Mann, Before Columbus, Chapter 7 (Sydney B.)

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Towards the end of the paleo period, Native Americans faced a changing environment. A large amount of the megafauna species went extinct. This is due to climate warming. As a result, this  also brought different types of foods from new trees and shrubs due to the changing environment. All of these changes gave them the opportunity to have an increased reliance on foraging.

-Source: Mann, Before Columbus, Chapter 7 and Matkin-Rawn, “End of Paleo Period” Lecture (Sydney B.)

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Hunting and gathering cultures were thriving during the archaic period which lasted from 10,500 years before present to 2,600 years before present. The new climate that arose towards the end of the paleo period created new resources. In order to be successful in this new period, everyone had to adapt and create new hunting innovations. A few examples of these innovations include a tool known as the adz and using notched pebbles to hold down fishing nets. These techniques brought in more food than ever before. This long period of success made permanent housing a new way of settlement. They were able to have temporary camps in order to gather more resources in the same spots each year, but still go back to their home.

-Source: Mann, Before Columbus, Chapter 7 and Matkin-Rawn, “Archaic Period” Lecture (Sydney B.)

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During the late archaic period gardening became a huge part of life and there were new types of foods. Foods such as stews, soups, and porridges needed storage. Native Americans became innovative by creating clayed fired pottery to use for these types of foods. This is why the woodland era was known as the container revolution.

-Source: Mann, Before Columbus, Chapter 10 and Matkin-Rawn, “Woodland Era” Lecture (Sydney B.)

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Prior to the woodland era there wasn’t art derived from Arkansas. The woodland era linked many different art forms from Arkansas during this time. The first type of art is petroglyphs. A petroglyph is a carved art that is created by chipping away into rock. The other type of art that was found during this era is pictographs. Pictographs are a type of art that is formed by using pigment on cave walls. These were the main forms of art found during this time.

-Source: Matkin-Rawn, “Woodland Era” Lecture (Sydney B.)

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Mississippian Period Farming and Food :Started1,100 YBP

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Mississippian Period Farming and Food :Started1,100 YBP

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Expert farmers played a huge role in the Mississippian period. Farmers continued to take part in intensive agriculture. A new crop known as maize became a main source of food. A very important part of the Native American diet was the three sister crop. It consisted of corn, beans, and squash which grew perfectly together because they provided shade for each other and provided weed control. This meal provided the perfect combination of carbs and protein to sustain them.

-Source: Mann, Before Columbus, Chapter 10 and Matkin-Rawn, “Mississippian Period” Lecture (Sydney B.)

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The Mississippian period was a century of reorganization in society. Even though there was more food, there was a greater risk of famine. There were chosen leaders for food distribution in order to conserve more food. After chosen leaders died, a new kind of leadership formed. This type of leadership was the permanent elite. The permanent elite were known as chiefs and the next person in line would be the son or next male in line which would continue through the chief’s family. They had status and this was shown through gift giving and generosity. The recipient would then be expected to repay through acts of service later on.

-Source: Matkin-Rawn, “Mississippian Period”  Lecture (Sydney B.)

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Paleo Evidence in Arkansas            11,500-9,500 BC

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Paleo Evidence in Arkansas            11,500-9,500 BC

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People use archaeology to use things such as objects and artifacts in order to trace them back through history and study the lifestyle of humans from the past. Research has shown that Indians arrived in Arkansas by 10,000. BC. This is proven through evidence such as burials, tools, and weapons. Based on the weapons that were found, we can also assume that the types of animals around were large such as the woolly mammoth and mastodon.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas History for Young People, Chapter 5 (Sydney B.)

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Mississippian Traditions                  950 AD-1541 AD

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Mississippian Traditions                  950 AD-1541 AD

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Indian culture progressed by the Mississippian Era. The population increased in size. Since the population continued to grow, their villages were set up around a plaza or open field for meetings and special occasions. Some plazas contained moats which surrounded it in order to serve as a form of protection for the buildings in case of an attack.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas History for Young People, Chapter 5 (Sydney B.)

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The Renaissance               1400-1600's 

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The Renaissance               1400-1600's 

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Around 1500 European culture began to spread. Europeans started to form ideas and new ways to do things. This spark of creativity was known as the renaissance. The renaissance was a start to change around the world. Technology began to change which gave opportunities for longer voyages, easier conquests, and faster ways of communication.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas. History for Young People, Chapter 6 (Sydney B.)

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Trade became a popular way for people and nations to become rich. Trade is when people buy, sell, or barter to make a profit or some other type of benefit. This is why trade routes were so important because it allowed for a way to trade with places in order to get something that your country might not have.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas for Young People, Chapter 6 (Sydney B.)

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Death of the Incan                                              1518                                  

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Death of the Incan                                              1518                                  

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Around 1518 smallpox spread into a Spanish colony in the Caribbean. The disease spread to Central America. This disease continued to move with Spanish adventurers which is why It kept spreading to other places. Eventually, the Inca empire was swept by this illness and around 200,000 of them died.

-Source: Mann, Chapter 8 (Sydney B.)

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Deadly Pigs                                     1539

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Deadly Pigs                                     1539

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In 1539, Hernando de Soto which was a Spanish adventurer landed in the America's with 600 soldiers,  200 horses, and 300 pigs. Bringing 300 pigs was a problem because pigs were entirely new to the Americas. Pigs carry many diseases and they could infect other animals or even people which is exactly what happened. The diseases from these pigs caused epidemics that wiped out civilizations.

-Source: Mann, Chapter 8 (Sydney B.)

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The Cacique                                       1541

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The Cacique                                       1541

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In 1541, Hernando de Soto marched to the land of Casqui. The Cacique thought of de Soto as a God. They welcomed him with gifts such as blankets, skins, and fish. The Cacique praised him and even begged de Soto to stay in their houses.

-Source: Gentleman from Elvas, "The Spanish Encounter Native Arkansas" (Sydney B.)

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Death of de Soto                                1542

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Death of de Soto                                1542

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The Cacique of Quigaltam was told  that de Soto was a God so they asked him to dry up the Great River and he would believe him. Hernando de Soto wasn't really the lord so he wasn't going to be able to perform this task that was requested.  De Soto got ill and died on May 21, 1542. This had to be hidden from the Indians because if he was really who they thought then he wouldn't be able to die. They dropped his body in the middle of the river. They told the cacique of Guachoya that he had gone back up to the sky just like he had done before when they asked for him.

-Source: Gentleman from Elvas, "The Spanish Encounter Native Arkansas" (Sydney B.)

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The End of the French and Indian War                                          1763

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The End of the French and Indian War                                          1763

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In 1763, the British claimed victory over the French. As a result, the British were able to claim French lands. When they signed the peace treaty to end war, the leaders from both sides discussed the future of North America. Great Britain got all of the land East of the Mississippi River and France repaid Spain for help during the war so Spain got all of the land West of the Mississippi River.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas for Young People, Chapter 6 (Sydney B.)

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The Arkansas Post                         1686-1821

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The Arkansas Post                         1686-1821

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Henri de Tonti claimed land and established a trading post in 1686. This trading post was known as the Arkansas Post. The post was very important because it was the first European establishment in Arkansas and it had the purpose of serving as the government, military, and trade headquarters.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas for Young People, Chapter 6 (Sydney B.)

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The Louisiana Purchase                   1803

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The Louisiana Purchase                   1803

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There were many factors that went into selling Louisiana. Napoleon decided that the distance, money, and ongoing war in Europe were too much to handle so he decided to sell it. The potential buyer was president Thomas Jefferson and he was intending on making an offer on New Orleans. Jefferson was shocked  to hear that Napoleon was offering to sell the entire land of the Louisiana Purchase for fifteen million dollars which included Arkansas. This is how Arkansas became apart of the United States.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas for Young People, Chapter 7
(Sydney B.)

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Lewis and Clark went on an expedition with their crew of around thirty three people. They traveled 8,000 miles from 1803 to 1806. They traveled by river and discovered land that later becomes Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. This expedition provided them with the knowledge of new geography such as information about rivers, mountains, and plant and animal species. The expedition even helped expand the fur trade.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas for Young People, Chapter 7
(Sydney B.)

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Natives and White Elite                   1805

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Natives and White Elite                   1805

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The Cherokee didn't struggle to be more "civilized" than their white counterparts. This is because the white used to dress elite by wearing nice clothes and even doing labor was thought as being something the poor did, but this changed. The white settlers started practicing backwoods so it wasn't hard for the natives to be civilized.

-Source: Duval, End of the Native Ground (Sydney B.)

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Immigration to Arkansas                1820

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Immigration to Arkansas                1820

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Immigration became easier after 1820. This is because the steamboat became a popular way for transporting up and down the Mississippi, Arkansas and White rivers. There was also a decreased fear of Indian uprisings after the war of 1812. As a result, the number of Indian immigrants began to increase from 400 to 14,000 and much more after 1820.

-Source: Duval, End of Native Ground (Sydney B.)

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Slavery and the Missouri Compromise                                      1820

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Slavery and the Missouri Compromise                                      1820

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In 1820, Missouri was approved as a state where slavery was allowed. Maine which was apart of Massachusetts, went into the union. After this point on, every slave state had to enter the union with a free state in order to balance it out. The one exception was in Missouri. Slavery wasn't allowed in any territory or state North or the Arkansas and Missouri border.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas for Young People, Chapter 8, Growing Pains (Sydney B.)

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Indian Removal                              1830                                         

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Indian Removal                              1830                                         

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White settlement began to increase so the white settlers and government wrote a treaty to force Indian tribes to leave their homes and go to land that was set aside for them.The settlement caught. up to this "reserved" land and they were forced off their land yet again. The final removal was to the Indian territory west of Arkansas.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas for Young People, Chapter 8, Growing Pains (Sydney B.)

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The First State Constitution           1836

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The First State Constitution           1836

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On January 30, 1836, the final. version of the first state constitution of Arkansas was completed. These were many requirements set in place. Local officials had to be elected by popular vote. The governor had to be at least thirty years old, live in Arkansas for teen years, and had to serve four year terms. The legislature would choose U.S. senators to represent Arkansas in state offices. The voting was limited to free white males.  Poll taxes were also prohibited unless they were meant to raise money for some type of country need.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas for Young People, Chapter 9
(Sydney B.)

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State Banks                       1830's  

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State Banks                       1830's  

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There was a lack of capital during the 1830's. As a result, the legislature established two state banks. This allowed for any hardworking man to get rich if they borrowed money to get started. President Jackson was against a national bank and ordered banks to be closed. For Arkansas, the real estate bank and the state bank opened in 1837.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas for Young People, Chapter. 9 (Sydney B.)

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Yeoman Farmers                             1840

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Yeoman Farmers                             1840

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In Arkansas, Yeomen farmers made up a large portion of Arkansans. Yeoman were independent or small family farmers. They would have around 150 acres which was portioned with a third of crops. The rest of the land was made up of woodlands or pasture where the family home or cabin was.

--Source: Hopper, Arkansas for Young People, Chapter 9 (Sydney B.)

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Religion in Arkansas                       1845

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Religion in Arkansas                       1845

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In 1845, a group of slaves formed. a baptist church in Little Rock. Churches were important because they served as a gathering spot for public meetings and events. Religion played a huge part in their lives because it was something they could lean on for hope.

-Source: Hopper, Arkansas for Young People, Chapter 9
(Sydney B.)

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Slave Resistance                             1800-1860

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Slave Resistance                             1800-1860

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Slave Resistance was a huge part in slavery. Slaves were beaten and treated very poorly. As a result, many slaves decided to fight back. Some tried to run away. Others tried to fight back physically when they were being beaten or sexually assaulted. Another type of resistance was choosing not to speak when they were questioned or told to talk.

-Source: Unchained Memories:Readings from the Slave Narratives (Sydney B.)

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Slave Intelligence                              1800-1860

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Slave Intelligence                              1800-1860

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Slaves were prohibited from reading books. Many of them chose to sneak books to learn how to spell. They would be severely punished if they were caught because they thought if slaves learned how to read, they would overpower the slave owners.

-Source: Unchained Memories: Readings from the Slave Narratives (Sydney B.)