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1. What type of biome is your park located in? Where exactly is it located?

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1. What type of biome is your park located in? Where exactly is it located?

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Mia Muir
Roy Zhang
Emeline Tu

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2. What are the main types of vegetation, and specific plant species?

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2. What are the main types of vegetation, and specific plant species?

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3. What are the major species of animals? Are there any endangered species in or near this park? 

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3. What are the major species of animals? Are there any endangered species in or near this park? 

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4. What is one example of an energy flow through your park's ecosystem? List the an organism at each trophic level. 

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4. What is one example of an energy flow through your park's ecosystem? List the an organism at each trophic level. 

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5. Describe the geology of the park, and highlight any main geologic features.

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5. Describe the geology of the park, and highlight any main geologic features.

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6.  Are there any ecologic restoration projects currently happening? What is the goal of the project? 

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6.  Are there any ecologic restoration projects currently happening? What is the goal of the project? 

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7. Are there any past ecologic restoration projects that were successful?

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7. Are there any past ecologic restoration projects that were successful?

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8. What effects will climate change have on the park?

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8. What effects will climate change have on the park?

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9. What role have different groups of people historically played within this park's ecosystem?

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9. What role have different groups of people historically played within this park's ecosystem?

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Vanessa Aispuro
Jayne Yin
Ally Scott

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Gigi Mitchell
Lindsay Erdmann
Paige Lund

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Maya Kurani
Rick Zheng
Jake

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Lauren Harrison
Judith Nuno Garcia
Tianyu Gao

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Lauren Berry
Riley Bloodworth
Lorraine Jiang

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1. Grand Tetons is in a alpine biome, in northwest Wyoming.

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2. What are the main types of vegetation and what are some of the specific plant species?

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2. What are the main types of vegetation and what are some of the specific plant species?

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Plants: sagebrush flats, conifers (lodgepole, limber, whitebark pines), wetland plants (narrow leaf cottonwood and willows)

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Everglades is located in Florida, and it is comprised of two major biomes: temperate deciduous forest and flooded grassland.

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The most notable species of plants in the Everglades are sawgrass, mangroves, and orchids; however, cypress trees, pond apple trees, and mahogany trees grow in this area, as well

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Great Smoky Mountains is a temperate deciduous forest biome located along the Tennessee and North Carolina border. -Judith

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There are a variety of many species of animals that live in Everglades, such as coral snakes, skunks, and eagles.
Species that are endangered, or being threatened with endangerment, include the American Alligator, the Florida Panther, and the Manatee.

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4. What is one example of an energy flow through your park's ecosystem? List an organism at each trophic level.

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4. What is one example of an energy flow through your park's ecosystem? List an organism at each trophic level.

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One example of energy flow through the Everglades is the transfer of energy from producers, to three levels of consumers. An organism at the first trophic level is  blue green algae. An organism in the second level is the Mayan Chichlid. An organism at the third trophic level is the American crocodile.

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Specific plant species include: tulip polar, American basswood, red maple, sweet gum, yellow buckeye, black birch, and dogwood. -Judith

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1. Yosemite is in 2 types of biomes: taiga and temperature forest

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1. Yosemite is in 2 types of biomes: taiga and temperature forest

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Major animal species in the Great Smoky Mountains are black bears, white-tailed deer, salamanders, coyotes, bobcats, and elk. Endangered species in the park include the northern flying squirrel, Red-cockaded woodpecker, Indiana bat, spruce-fir moss spider, and the Smoky madtom. -Judith

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At the level of producer, an example is the Blackberry bush or the Sugar Maple. A primary consumer could be a Red Squirrel, and a secondary consumer could be the Copperhead snake. A tertiary consumer could be a Great Horned Owl, and an example of a decomposer could be the Golden Waxcap mushroom.
-Lauren

source:
http://greatsmokymnts.weebly.com/food-web.html

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The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range consisting of mostly sedimentary rock, such as sandstone and shale, and also contains caves in addition to its peaks and valleys. Notable features include the Highlands and the Foothills of the Western Blue Ridge. -Lauren

source: https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2997/pdf/SIM2997.pdf
and
https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/geology.htm#7/34.425/-83.672

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One current project is the restoration of native species and landscapes to replace the previous landscapes consisting of invasive species, and this restoration is occurring at areas such as Cades Cove and areas by Foothill Parkway. The goal of this project is to preserve native wildlife and to restore plants to native nutrient cycling to support native ecosystems. Another effort is occurring to restore the Great Smoky Mountain's unique wetland environment.
-Lauren

source: https://www.nps.gov/grsm/learn/nature/dff109-restoration.htm

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1. Desert biome located in Utah
2. Aquatic vegetation, desert shrubs, pines,
3. California condor (endangered), big horned sheep, mule deer, foxes, mountain lions
4. First trophic level: shrubs
2nd trophic level: Deer are primary consumers that feed on shrubs
3rd trophic level: The condor feeds on dead deer and are the secondary consumers
Fungi and other decomposers
5. Made up of sedimentary rocks. Primary feature is the Grand Staircase, which is a series of cliffs between Bryce Canyon and the Grand Canyon
6. Restoring burned areas from fires
7. Emerald Pools Trail restoration project
8. Climate change effects suitability for certain bird species, becomes worse for some and better for others. The composition of bird species may change over time
9. Shuttles within Zion are convenient and reduce greenhouse gas emissions

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They have restoration projects of Chilogatee stream, native vegetations and landscapes, and wetlands. -Tianyu

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The global warming would decrease the cloud cover above the forests, and the Great Smoky Mountains wouldn't be smoky in the future. The cloud can protect the park from climate change, because they can block the radiation of sun, keeping the park cool. The decreasing cloud cover means the park would be hotter each year, which can be a catastrophe for some species. -Tianyu

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First settlers lived in the area turned forest areas into fields. Afterwards native loggers started to chop logs from the forests.

Forests decreased until the establishment of the national park, which saved 20% of uncut forest, thanks to the govenment. -Tianyu

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The Everglades exist in South Florida in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Underneath its expanse of soil and vegetation, the Everglades is primarily made up of limestone. It is best described as a grass prairie. It has two types of soil: peat and marl, which cannot coexist. The marl exists in marshy areas while peat exists in the drier ones.

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The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) is a multibillion dollar project authorized by Congress in the year 2000. This plan aspires to increase freshwater storage, improve water quality, and re-establish the natural water flow through the greater Everglades ecosystem.

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7. Wolf Restoration project was successful

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7. Wolf Restoration project was successful

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1. Yellowstone is in a Taiga/boreal forest biome and is located in Wyoming, Montana, & Idaho.

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1. Yellowstone is in a Taiga/boreal forest biome and is located in Wyoming, Montana, & Idaho.

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Zion can be considered to be in the desert biome, located in Utah, USA.

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8. Snowfall melts into river and  spans to the Pacific Ocean. The average temperature is higher than in the past 50 years.

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8. Snowfall melts into river and  spans to the Pacific Ocean. The average temperature is higher than in the past 50 years.

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The main types of plant species located there are desert shrubs, aspen forest, and ponderosa pine.

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2. trees include California black oak, pine, cedar, and giant sequoia trees and there is a wide variety of wildflowers

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2. trees include California black oak, pine, cedar, and giant sequoia trees and there is a wide variety of wildflowers

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3. Animals in the park include bobcats, mule deer, bighorn sheep, and asian black bears. Of the animals there, the Sierra Nevada Bighorn sheep, California Wolverine, and Pacific fisher are endangered. The Sierra Nevada red fox, which also resides in the park, is protected by the state of California.

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3. Animals in the park include bobcats, mule deer, bighorn sheep, and asian black bears. Of the animals there, the Sierra Nevada Bighorn sheep, California Wolverine, and Pacific fisher are endangered. The Sierra Nevada red fox, which also resides in the park, is protected by the state of California.

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Major species of animals are mule deer, rock squirrels, and big horned sheep. There are not many endangered species located near or in the park, but there are species such as mountain lions who have decreasing population.

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Producer: Manzanita.
Primary Consumer: Mule deer.
Secondary Consumer: Bobcat.
Tertiary Consumer: Mountain lion.
Decomposer: Agaricus.

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5. Yosemite is mainly glaciated, most of Yosemite is formed by glacier and its underlying rocks. Most rocks in Yosemite are granite.

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5. Yosemite is mainly glaciated, most of Yosemite is formed by glacier and its underlying rocks. Most rocks in Yosemite are granite.

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3. There are 61 species of mammals, over 300 species of birds, four species of reptiles, both native and non-native fish, and over 10,000 species of insects. Some of the most iconic animals in the park include bears, trout, and moose. Grizzly bears, Canada lynx, yellow-billed cuckoos, and the western glacier stonefly are endangered.

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One example of an energy flow starts from the producer trophic level to herbivores to carnivores. At the bottom are shrubs, which are then eaten by mule deer which then are consumed by mountain lion.

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Producers: Plants
Primary Consumer: insects/insect larvae
Secondary consumerL

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5. The park is in the Rocky mountains, which is one of the youngest mountain ranges in North America, though it is made of some of the oldest rocks. The mountains were created through the shifting of the Teton fault, and are extremely steep, causing them to degrade quickly (on a geological scale).

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riverbank restoration project; remove iron beams from the buffalo fork of the snake river

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7. Are there any past ecological restoration projects that were successful?

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7. Are there any past ecological restoration projects that were successful?

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riverbank restoration and construction of ice bridges

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No, CERP has been compromised by political and funding issues. The Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project has built canals that straightened the Kissimmee river but caused catastrophic damage to animal habitats.

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2. Yellowstone is home to hundreds of wildflowers, nine conifers, quaking aspen, cottonwood, various shrubs, and 225 other nonnative plants. It also contains three endemic species: Ross's bentgrass, Yellowstone sand verbena, and the Yellowstone sulfur wild buckwheat.

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2. Yellowstone is home to hundreds of wildflowers, nine conifers, quaking aspen, cottonwood, various shrubs, and 225 other nonnative plants. It also contains three endemic species: Ross's bentgrass, Yellowstone sand verbena, and the Yellowstone sulfur wild buckwheat.

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6. One ongoing restoration project is the Merced River Restoration Project. Its goal is to find scientific and engineering information for short- and long-term planning of the restoration of Merced River.

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6. One ongoing restoration project is the Merced River Restoration Project. Its goal is to find scientific and engineering information for short- and long-term planning of the restoration of Merced River.

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Climate change would lead to “more severe and extended droughts” that would lower water levels, cause the loss of valuable peat, increase the chance of wildfires, alter the landscape for plants and animals, invite in new invasive species, and drawback progress from restoration efforts.

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There is sandstone and  a virgin river that runs through. There are also canyons, snowy highcountry winters, and deserts.

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7, One recent restoration program is the Wawona Meadow Ecological Restoration Project.

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7, One recent restoration program is the Wawona Meadow Ecological Restoration Project.

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These efforts included replanting/re-establishing native plants while also committing to monitoring the growth of invasive species. Furthermore, restoration crews filled in human-made ditches with native soil to reinforce the area's water flow/hydrology.

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8. What effects will climate change have on the park?

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8. What effects will climate change have on the park?

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It will increase the amount of fires through higher temperatures and drier summers, which will affect forest regeneration ability

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9. Some people might pose threats to the Yellowstone National Park since they would leave trash or did not follow rules while visiting the place. However, some people respected the environment and earth. They contributed to protect the park by developing new projects or plans.

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9. Some people might pose threats to the Yellowstone National Park since they would leave trash or did not follow rules while visiting the place. However, some people respected the environment and earth. They contributed to protect the park by developing new projects or plans.

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Projects such as CABI, where they restore  burned areas at zion national park. There is also zion national park recycling program

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8. Climate change has already affected temperatures and weather patterns in Yosemite, which will in turn continue to impact many other sectors of the park.

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8. Climate change has already affected temperatures and weather patterns in Yosemite, which will in turn continue to impact many other sectors of the park.

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More specific impacts of climate change in Yosemite:
- increase fire danger/activity
- less snow/ice, melting glaciers
- plant/animal species dying out
- changes in visitor experiences

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Yellowstone is home to 67 different mammal species, 322 bird species, 16 fish species, and 10 reptile species. Over 500 grizzlies live there, which were once considered endangered, along with black bears. Seven native species of ungulates (elk, bison, moose, etc), non-native mountain goats, wolverines, lynx, and gray wolves (who were also once endangered) also reside there.

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Past ecologic restoration projects that were successful were Green transit, where around 5,000 cars were converted to several hybrid Shuttle buses, which decreased CO2 emissions by over 12 tons per day.

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9. What role have different groups of people historically played?

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9. What role have different groups of people historically played?

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originally used by fur trappers in the 1800's, however as western expansion continued it became a draw for ranchers who saw the area as a profitable location for cattle raising in the early to mid 1900's

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Climate change can raise overall temperature in the area, which can harm ecosystems there since some organisms there cannot survive in hotter places. In addition, it may increase the frequency of wildfires.

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9. One example of groups who have impacted the park would be the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) established under the New Deal.

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9. One example of groups who have impacted the park would be the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) established under the New Deal.

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The CCC directly impacted the park through digging ditches that the aforementioned ecological restoration efforts (Wawona Meadow Ecological Restoration) aimed to address. The CCC's ditches altered the hydrologic cycle and plant habitats within the Wawona Meadow.

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Park rangers helped keep this place safe and keep visitors from hurting ecological systems.

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Willow plants are producers

Elk are primary consumers

Osprey are secondary consumers

Wolves are tertiary consumers

Many fungi are detritivores

Other fungi, such as the giant western puffball are decomposers

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Historically,  Native Americans thrived in the Everglades before the Spanish took over in 1513 where they maintained a highly organized society. They were called the Calusa Indians and were decimated by disease in the 1700s. Early colonial leaders viewed the Everglades as useless land and drained it in the 1800s. Fortunately, the land was resilient. Before the Everglades became a national park in 1947, people known as Gladesmen occupied the area for hunting and camping, depending on the land for survival.

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Yellowstone’s main geological features are volcanic plateaus, formed through volcanoes and earthquakes. There are also many lakes and rivers. They have very notable hydrothermal features.

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Directly outside of yellowstone there is an ongoing water restoration project.

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1. Channel Islands National Park is located within the Mediterranean and Taiga biomes. Located in the southern coast of California.
2. Major species of animals include island fox, deer moose, the harvest mouse, and the spotted skunk. There are more endangered species amongst this island than any other national park unit. Some of these species include the island fox, finback whale, blue whale, white abalone as well as black abalone, and the Guadalupe fur seal.
3. There was an ecological restoration project that was successful in which the park teamed up with the Island Conservation and Ecology Group (ICEG) to determine how to diminish the presence of non native black rats that were threatening the native species of deer mouse and seabirds. The team managed to come up with an environmentally conscious route using bait pellets with enough rodenticide to eradicate the populations of rats but not enough to leave behind a pollutant in the habitats.