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Therapies based on the belief that many mental disorders stem from faulty learning. They focus primarily on individuals current behaviour. Either the person involved has failed to acquire the skills and behaviour they need for coping with the problems of daily life or they have acquired maladaptive habits and reactions. The key task of therapy is to change current behaviour and not to correct faulty self-concepts or to resolve inner conflicts.

I- CLASSICAL CONDITIONING- It is a process in which organisms learn that occurence of one stimulus will soon be followed by the occurence of another.
TECHNIQUE USED:

FLOODING

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION

II- OPERANT CONDITIONING - Behaviour is often shaped by the consequences it produces. Actions are repeated if they yield positive oucomes or if they permit individuals to avoid or escape from the negative ones. Also, actions that lead to negative results are suppressed.
TECHNIQUE USED:

TOKEN ECONOMIES

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Carl Roger's approach to psychotherapy which seeks to eliminate irrational "conditions of worth" in the clients mind by providing unconditional positive regard in a caring empathetic environment.

NOTES

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PSYCHODYANAMIC THERAPIES - Therapies based on the idea that mental disorders stem primarily from the kind of hidden inner conflicts, instances, conflict between our primitive sexual and agressive urges (id) and ego.
I- PSYCHOANALYSIS- Acc. to the theory people experience certain sexual and aggressive urges springing from our id. These urges are unacceptable to ego and superego, therefore are repressed into the depths of unconsciousness. People use various defense mechanisms to protect the ego from anxiety.
METHODS USED :

FREE ASSOCIATION

DREAM ANALYSIS

RESISTANCE

TRANSFERENCE

COUNTER TRANSFERENCE

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Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder. People with this disorder experience distortions of reality, often experiencing delusions or hallucinations.

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A mood disorder is a mental health problem that primarily affects a person’s emotional state. It is a disorder in which a person experiences long periods of extreme happiness, extreme sadness, or both.

DEPRESSION

Depression is classified as a mood disorder. It may be described as feelings of sadness, loss, or anger that interfere with a person’s everyday activities. Also called “clinical depression” or a “depressive disorder”—that causes distressing symptoms.

BIPOLAR DISORDER

Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). It causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.

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ANXIETY - Increased arousal accompanied by general feelings of fear or apprehensions.

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER -

People suffering from GAD experience excessive anxiety and worry about various events and situations. They have difficulty in controlling anxiety and worry, along with restlessness and 'feeling keyed up or on edge' all the time. Such people are not worried about anything in particular and there is no specific trigger.

PHOBIAS

Phobias are unsubstantiated fears and people with phobias go to great lengths to avoid the object or situation that triggers their anxiety. Their fears could range from flying in airplanes, being in crowded places, to harmless things such as spiders and high-rise buildings.

OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER

People with OCD have constant thoughts and fears that trigger anxiety. They relieve this anxiety by performing certain actions repetitively. For instance, a person with a fear of germs and contamination will repetitively wash his or her hands, and the vessels at home.

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1- Descriptive in nature: it describes psychological disorders but make no attempt to explain it.
2- Labelling - It attaches specific labels to people and this may activate stereotypes about them.
3-Gender-biased - Females are diagnosed as showing certain disorders much more frequently than males.
4- Categorization is discrete- Mental disorders occur on a continuum, not in discrete categories. People may have different degrees of the disorder and may show different aspects.

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Conditions Axis III was used for coding medical conditions that influence or worsen Axis 1 and Axis II disorders. Some examples include HIV/AIDS and brain injuries.

Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems : Any social or environmental problems that may impact Axis I or Axis II disorders were accounted for in this axis. These include such things as unemployment, relocation, divorce, or the death of a loved one.

Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning : Axis V is where the clinician gives their impression of the client's overall level of functioning. Based on this assessment, clinicians could better understand how the other four axes interacted and the effect on the individual's life.

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The DSM-IV-TR, was published in 2000. This version utilized a multiaxial or multidimensional approach for diagnosing mental disorders.
It described disorders using five DSM "axes" or dimensions to ensure that all factors—psychological, biological, and environmental—were considered when making a mental health diagnosis.

Axis I – Clinical Syndromes : It consisted of mental health and substance use disorders that cause significant impairment. Disorders were grouped into different categories such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, or eating disorders.

Axis II – Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation : It was reserved for mental retardation and personality disorders, such as antisocial p and histrionic personality disorder. Personality disorders cause significant problems in how a person relates to the world, while mental retardation is characterized by intellectual impairment and deficits in other areas such as self-care and interpersonal skills.

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It is a publication by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental disorders using a common language and standard criteria.
It contains descriptions, symptoms, and other criteria necessary for diagnosing mental health disorders. It also contains statistics concerning which gender is most affected by the illness, the typical age of onset, the effects of treatment, and common treatment approaches.

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According to this perspective some disorders appear to be abnormal. Cultural beliefs, values and conditions play a vital role in their occurence and specific form.  Abnormal behaviour is learnt within a social context ranging from the family to the community to culture. Cultural values acquired through learning and cognitive process are believed to be important in producing abnormal behaviour.

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It was know as an alternative to the medical perspective and was founded by Sigmund Freud which evolved from his psychoanalytic theory. Mental disorders can be traced to unconscious urges or impulses and their struggle over their expression that take place in the hidden depth of human personality. This model suggest that psychological disorders are the consequences of anxiety produced by unresolved unconscious conflicts.Unconscious thoughts and impulses can play a role in abnormal behvaiour.

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I- BIOLOGICAL/MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE - This view focuses on biological and physiological factors as causes of abnormal behaviour which is treated as a disease or mental illness and is diagnosed through symptoms and cured through treatment. This perspective is highly influential today because it is the basis of psychiatry. Hospitalization and drugs are often prepared methods of treatments rather than psychological investigation. It suggest that changes in the structure of the brain play important role in structuring abnromal behvaiour.

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Frameworks that provide comprehensive accounts of how and why mental disorders develop and how they can be treated.

DIATHESIS STRESS MODEL - A model suggesting that genetic or other factors may predispose an individual to develop a mental disorder but that the disorder will develop only  if the person is exposed to certain stressful environmental conditions.

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Disturbance of an individuals behavioural or psychological functioning that are not culturally expected and that lead to psychological distress, behavioural disability and imparired overall functioning.

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Behaviour deviating from normal is termed as abnormal. It includes individuals marked by limited intelligence, emotional unstability, personality disorganization & character defect.

CHARACTERISTICS
1- Fibble minded and mentally disturbed.
2- Imbalance personality.
3- Their activities are anti-social as they lack knowledge of right and wrong.
4- They do not have the feeling of social welfare.