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Died c. 170 CE.
CONTRIBUTION:
his writings represent the culminating achievement of Greco-Roman science, particularly his geocentric (Earth-centred) model of the universe now known as the Ptolemaic system. he believed that its subject, the motions of the heavenly bodies, could be explained in mathematical terms.
INACCURACY:
Brahe pointed out that solar observations Ptolemy claimed to have made in 141 are definitely not genuine, and there are strong arguments for doubting that Ptolemy independently observed the more than 1,000 stars listed in his star catalog.

"Ptolemy | Accomplishments, Biography, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy#ref226236. Accessed 2 Sept 2020.

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Died May 24, 1543.
CONTRIBUTION:
Copernicus concluded that every planet, including Earth, revolved around the Sun. He also determined that the Earth rotates daily on its axis and that the Earth's motion affected what people saw in the heavens. Copernicus did not have the tools to prove his theories.

"Nicolaus Copernicus". Starchild.Gsfc.Nasa.Gov, 2020, https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/copernicus.html. Accessed 1 Sept 2020.

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Died October 24, 1601.
CONTRIBUTION:
His observations—the most accurate possible before the invention of the telescope—included a comprehensive study of the solar system and accurate positions of more than 777 fixed stars.
INACCURACIES:
he found that the existing almanacs and ephemerides, which record stellar and planetary positions, were grossly inaccurate. The Copernican tables were several days off in predicting this event.

Tycho Brahe | Accomplishments, Biography, & Facts

"Tycho Brahe | Accomplishments, Biography, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tycho-Brahe-Danish-astronomer. Accessed 31 Aug 2020.

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Died November 15, 1630.
CONTRIBUTION:
Kepler’s discoveries turned Nicolaus Copernicus’s Sun-centred system into a dynamic universe, with the Sun actively pushing the planets around in noncircular orbits. And it was Kepler’s notion of a physical astronomy that fixed a new problematic for other important 17th-century world-system builders, the most famous of whom was Newton.
INACCURACY:
he noticed a supernova and used the occasion to predict things like the falling of Islam.

"Johannes Kepler - Astronomical Work". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Kepler/Astronomical-work. Accessed 2 Sept 2020.

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Died January 8, 1642
CONTRIBUTION:
His formulation of (circular) inertia, the law of falling bodies, and parabolic trajectories marked the beginning of a fundamental change in the study of motion.
INACCURACY:
He was longing to find a mechanical proof of earth's motion

"Galileo - Galileo’S Copernicanism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei/Galileos-Copernicanism. Accessed 1 Sept 2020.

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Died March 31, 1727.
CONTRIBUTION:
his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the phenomena of colours into the science of light and laid the foundation for modern physical optics. In mechanics, his three laws of motion, the basic principles of modern physics, resulted in the formulation of the law of universal gravitation.

"Isaac Newton | Biography, Facts, Discoveries, Laws, & Inventions". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Newton. Accessed 2 Sept 2020.

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Died September 28, 1953
CONTRIBUTION:
Hubble found Cepheid variable stars in the Andromeda Nebula, a very well-known spiral. The fluctuations in light of these stars enabled Hubble to determine the nebula’s distance using the relationship between the period of the Cepheid fluctuations and its luminosity.
INACCURACY:
Hubble was able to estimate that the Andromeda Nebula (thought of simply as a spiral at the time) was nearly 900,000 light years away from the Milky Way, thus it had to be its own galaxy. The Andromeda Nebula was later proven to be much farther away, at nearly 2.48 million light years (through further analyses of the spacial indications of stars' light). The Andromeda Nebula was later renamed the Andromeda Galaxy.

"Edwin Hubble | Biography, Discoveries, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edwin-Hubble. Accessed 2 Sept 2020.

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Died April 18, 1955
CONTRIBUTION:
developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.
INACCURACIES:
Recent satellite data, however, have shown that the cosmological constant is probably not zero but actually dominates the matter-energy content of the entire universe. Einstein’s “blunder” apparently determines the ultimate fate of the universe.

"Albert Einstein - From Graduation To The “Miracle Year” Of Scientific Theories". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-Einstein/From-graduation-to-the-miracle-year-of-scientific-theories. Accessed 1 Sept 2020.

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Died March 14, 2018
CONTRIBUTION:
he provided a mathematical proof of John Wheeler's so-called "No-Hair Theorem", that any black hole is fully described by the three properties of mass, angular momentum and electric charge, and proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, similar to the four classical Laws of Thermodynamics. From analysis of gamma ray emissions, he also suggested that primordial or “mini black holes” would have been formed after the Big Bang.
INACCURACY:
“Hawking Paradox”, whereby physical information (which roughly means the distinct identity and properties of particles) appears to be completely lost to the universe, in contravention of the accepted laws of physics. Hawking defended this paradox against the arguments of Leonard Susskind and others for thirty years, until famously retracting his claim in 2004.

"Stephen Hawking - Important Scientists - The Physics Of The Universe". Physicsoftheuniverse.Com, 2020, https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/scientists_hawking.html#:~:text=Stephen%20Hawking%20is%20a%20world,the%20context%20of%20black%20holes. Accessed 2 Sept 2020.