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Comprehension is the ability to understand and make sense of what is being read.

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Phonemic Awareness focuses on the sound in a spoken word. Being able to hear and identify the smallest unit of sounds in words.

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Instructional Strategy: Elkonin Sound Boxes

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Instructional Strategy: Elkonin Sound Boxes

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Elkonin sound boxes can be used as a multisensory approach to assist with phonemic awareness instruction.

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Phonics focuses on understanding the relationship between sounds and letters in written words.

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Instructional Strategy: Decoding Through Analogy

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Instructional Strategy: Decoding Through Analogy

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Using knowledge and understanding of previously taught words to assist in decoding and gaining meaning from new words.

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Partners in Reading - San Jose Public Library

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Decoding - Part 3: Tutoring Using Phonics by Analogy

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Fluency is the ability to read written text easily, quickly , with appropriate inflection similar to conversational speech, without the need to frequently decode encountered words.

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Reinforcing phonemic awareness supports reading and writing.

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Reinforcing phonemic awareness supports reading and writing.

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Researchers discovered not only did use of the sound boxes reinforce phonemic awareness, it also supported reading and writing skills (Keesey, S., Konrad, M., & Joseph, L. M., 2014). The goal was not to improve spelling skills (and therefore writing skills) however by helping students understand and use the alphabetic system both reading and writing skills improved as well.

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Reinforcing fluency supports reading and writing.

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Reinforcing fluency supports reading and writing.

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Reinforcing fluency supports reading instruction.   When fluency increases with reading, comprehension increases as well.  Students have a greater understanding of what is being read when they are not struggling through the passage.  This not only improves comprehension, it also improves self confidence in reading, which will then lead to greater enjoyment of reading!
Fluency follows improvement in decoding skills , with improved decoding encoding (writing) is also improved.

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Vocabulary is the understanding of the meaning of words.  Vocabulary words are divided into two primary categories: ones that students know and use correctly in conversation (oral vocabulary) and ones they recognize and comprehend in print (written vocabulary).

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Instructional Strategy: Adult reading aloud.   Vocabulary develops in a language rich environment. One major strategy to reinforce the development of vocabulary during instruction is reading aloud to students both in the classroom and encouraging reading by parents at home.

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Instructional Strategy: Adult reading aloud.   Vocabulary develops in a language rich environment. One major strategy to reinforce the development of vocabulary during instruction is reading aloud to students both in the classroom and encouraging reading by parents at home.

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Instructional Strategy: "Wondering",  Establishing an "I Learned/I Wonder Chart"

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Instructional Strategy: "Wondering",  Establishing an "I Learned/I Wonder Chart"

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Having students stop periodically throughout the reading and think and wonder about what they were learning

Students who are at the prewriting stage can draw pictures to describe what they've learned and what they are wondering

(Harvey, S. & Goudvis, A., 2007)

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Choral reading is a research based strategy to reinforce fluency. With choral reading each student will need their own copy of the book being read, The teacher reads first —modeling fluent reading—with the students following along.,the students then read along with the teacher-thus copying both speed, ease and inflections of reading.

The best books to choose for choral reading area patterned, predictable and are at the independent reading level for most students.   Fluency increases with the number of times the student reads the book orally.  ” Fluency develops as a result of many opportunities to practice reading with a high degree of success" (Reading Rockets, n.d.).

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Research illustrating strategy of reinforcing vocabulary development through reading aloud.

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Research illustrating strategy of reinforcing vocabulary development through reading aloud.

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Children who enter kindergarten having had only one book a day read to them will have heard nearly 300,000 more words than children who are not regularly read to.  “Young children whose parents read them five books a day enter kindergarten having heard about 1.4 million more words than kids who were never read to, a new study found" (Ohio State University, 2019).

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Reinforcing vocabulary supports reading and writing.

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Reinforcing vocabulary supports reading and writing.

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A young student once stated emphatically, “If no words in brain, no words on paper”.  This is an excellent, albeit basic, way to explain the relationship between vocabulary and writing!   Writing is the transmission of thought, as a student’s vocabulary is built, the thoughts and thus the writing, become more advanced.

As a student's vocabulary and understanding of words increases, so will the ability to comprehend what is being read.  By knowing the vocabulary involved and not having to decode, reading will be more fluent and understanding will be greater.

Vocabulary knowledge is the single most important factor contributing to reading comprehension – Laflamme, 1997

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Reinforcing phonics supports reading and writing.

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Reinforcing phonics supports reading and writing.

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Reinforcing phonics supports reading by providing the student with skills to decode words in order to obtain meaning from those words.  Reinforcing phonics supports writing --once given skills via phonics instruction to decode words, the student is then able to transfer that knowledge to encoding (writing) new words as well.

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Reinforcing comprehension supports reading and writing.

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Reinforcing comprehension supports reading and writing.

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By use of the " Learned/I Wonder" strategy students are able to delve deeper into the stated content in order to expand vocabulary and understanding. This can also be an entry into research skills.
Reinforcing reading through "I Learned/I Wonder Charts" supports writing as the students begin to write what they are wondering about, whether it's through pictures, inventive spelling or actual spelling.  Drawing pictures to describe what was read is a prewriting skill.  Drawing is  the foundation of pre-writing skills".  (https://empoweredparents.co/child-development-drawing-stages/)