# data[].attributes.headline
How many Native Americans existed before Columbus and other Europeans arrived to America?

# data[].attributes.subject
How many Native Americans existed before Columbus and other Europeans arrived to America?

# data[].attributes.body
Add the highest estimates together. What is the total number?
Add the lowest estimates together. What is the total number?

# data[].attributes.body
In 2010 America's population was 309.3 million.
What is .9% of 309.3 million?

# data[].attributes.body
"Most of the conquistadores and their early successors in America were not trying to propagate an ideology or a religion or their particular subspecies of Homo sapiens so much as they were trying to rise economically and socially in the traditional way."

# data[].attributes.body
"The arrival of large numbers of Europeans and Africans in a given area of the Americas was always followed by a rapid, even catastrophic, decline in the aboriginal population. The invaders' gross mistreatment of the indigines steepened the decline, but its chief cause was the pathogens the invaders inadvertently brought with them, germs that caused numerous epidemics of an extent and mortality comparable to the fourteenth-century Black Death in Eurasia and North Africa."

# data[].attributes.body
"In the comparatively cool highlands the chief killers were the diseases that had been circulating in Europe: pustular infections, such as smallpox and measles, and respiratory infections, such as whooping cough and pneumonia."

# data[].attributes.body
"European conquerors faced the greatest labor shortage of all time. With Amerindians dying so precipitously, who was to do the work of reshaping the Americas in accordance with the schemes of imperial governments and the demands of the European and the world market? Who, for example, was going to do the brute labor of making Jamaica into a giant sugar plantation and Maryland into a giant tobacco plantation?"

# data[].attributes.body
"Epidemics often produce labor shortages, which strengthen the hand of the yeoman in his negotiations with the squire, and also encourage slavery as a way to refill the ranks of laborers. In the sixth century, Justinian's plague swept through the Mediterranean basin, creating a servant shortage that made it profitable to reach beyond the epidemic's farthest ravages to obtain slaves from northern and especially eastern Europe to supply the Christian and Muslim slave markets. "Slav" is the root for words meaning slave in all western European languages and also the root for sakaliba, which is Arabic for both slave and eunuch. The return of plague in the fourteenth century stimulated the slave trade between southern Europe and the Black Sea, and also black Africa."

# data[].attributes.body
"For four hundred years, from the mid-fourteenth to the first years of the eighteenth century, plague epidemics in western Europe never ceased for long, if at all. In eastern Europe they continued for another century. The plague commonly killed 60 to 80% of those it infected. There was no known cure, and no one understood its etiology. In the second half of the seventeenth century, it began to retreat. London's last plague epidemic took place during 1665 and 1666, and the disease made its last sweep through the south of France in 1720. The retreat was a truly blessed mystery. Diseases can spontaneously lose their virulence and communicability, and it is possible that subtle changes in western European architecture and general behavior and in the use of quarantine and cordon sanitaire might have been effective in battling the disease."

# data[].attributes.body
Which viral diseases were exchanged between the continents?
Which ones are the deadliest?

# data[].attributes.body
1. https://lms.brocku.ca/access/content/group/aea5aba8-4476-42e9-ab88-76ac3642cb6b/HIST2F90/Columbian%20Exchange/Crosby%201991.pdf
2. https://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2009/4/5/34767803/Pre-Columbian%20population.pdf
3. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/c5d1e65aece344719f79e407af82689e
4. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/08/human-planet-migration-columbian-exchange/568423/
5. https://brockuhistory.ca/ebooks/hist2f90/the-columbian-exchange