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Ghana emerged as a state, and it reached its height in the 11th century and came to an effective political end in 1240.'

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Was an absolute monarch with an elaborate court of counselors, ministers, interpreters, and a treasurer.

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Ghana had lost control of the empire and by 1250 Ghana disintegrated into smaller states, laying the basis for the rise of Mali.

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Mansa Musa is best known, however, for his famous hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324.

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Europeans scholars and traders were aware of Mansa's empire, and in 1375 Charles V if France had an atlas drawn showing "Rex Melli" or "Musa Mali" in the area of West Africa.

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Songhai's foundation was laid by Sunni Ali Ber who came to the throne in 1464 and recaptured Timbuktu in 1468 from Mali.

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Muhammed, who bore the title Askia, showed himself an able administrator as well as general. Rulling from 1493- 1529, he built an effective army out of POW's and men formerly enslaved.

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"In his introduction to African civilizations, John Jackson devotes a chapter to Africa and the Civilizing of Europe.