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Ergonomics (Practical Manual for Beginners)2015.

Complied and Edited by: Manjit Kaur Chauhan.

Page no:45- 53.

Khushi Darshan Bhatt SYRM(HM) 053

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Using the mean and standard deviation of an anthropometric measurement and a knowledge of the area under the normal curve expressed as standard deviations from the mean, one can estimate ranges for body size which will encompass a greater proportion of individuals in a population. Anthropometric data can have a wide range of applications in the design of physical equipment and facilities. In the application of anthropometric data there are certain principles that may be relevant, each one being appropriate to certain types of design problems:

1. Design for Extreme Individuals

a. The distance of control devices from the operator. b. Doorway for rare eight footers.

c. Dining room chairs for the rare 200 kg guest.
2. Design for Adjustable Range

a. Backward adjustments of automobile seats.

b. Vertical arrangements of the typists chair

c. Adjustable desk height for computer workstation.

3. Design for the Average- Designing steering wheel, jar lids, door knobs, etc.

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Usage of the Anthropometric Percentile Values

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Usage of the Anthropometric Percentile Values

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5th percentile measurements are used so that smaller people can reach easily and operate it conveniently with optimum force. Examples include designing for the small-sized user in order to reach conveniently to operate switches, control buttons, handle, etc. thus if 5th percentile people can reach and operate, than any of the above percentile people too can work with it.

50th percentile is the midpoint of the normal distribution curve often referred to as average or mean. In the domain of human anthropometry there are few, if any, who will really qualify as average - average in each and every respect. Selection of the average value of a dimension depends on its contextual use and whether it demands critically to be fitted into the whole range of the users' population. A door height with 50th percentile stature value may not work, as tall people can only pass through it by bending. But 50th percentile can be used in places where 5th and 95th percentile can't be used. For Example: steering wheel, jar lids, door knobs, etc.

95th percentile measurements are used so that large size people can be accommodated. Designing an article for the large-sized users means that the higher percentile values of all dimensions should be considered. Example: Designing clearance spaces for manhole cover, door frame, seat width, etc.

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The distributions of many variables are symmetrical, especially when the sample size

is big. Normal distribution is used to represent the distribution of values that occur, if we include whole population. Thus it is the nost important probability distribution that describes real world situations.

When designing for a single individual, his own body dimensions needs to be measured, while designing for masses, proper percentile values and adequate allowances should be considered. Example: A tailor takes the individual person's body measurement and designs an outfit that best suits to that individual only, but in a retail store you need to have outfits in small, medium, large, extra large sizes as people with different body dimensions will come to make purchases.

No two people have exactly the same dimensions. But in order to design for accommodating the variation of the human beings, they are divided into three major categories depending on the dimensions i.e., 5th, 50th or 95th percentile range. One has to be careful with the words percentile and percentage. A percentage score indicates the proportion, a part or share in relation to a whole. A percentile us what percent of other scores is less than the data point we are investigating. Therefore a percentile is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which a given percentage of observations in a group of observations fall.

Most people appear to be of a similar height. These people fall into the 50th percentile range and are considered of average height. A small percentage of people are shorter than this majority - this group is known as the 5th percentile. Others are taller than most people and belong to the 95th percentile. For example, Out of 100 normal children of same age, if a child's weight is at the 50th percentile line that means 50 children will be more and 50 children will be less than her weight.

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The Study of Anthropometry includes the following aspects:

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The Study of Anthropometry includes the following aspects:

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1. Decide the intended user group- To begin with, one must decide the user group who is going to use the product or workspace as anthropometric information varies from age, gender, nationality, fitness levels, etc. For example, designing the classroom furniture for Indian primary school children, designing the shoes for athletes, etc.

2 Decade the Work and its Work Posture-Identify the type of work to be performed Le, static or dynamic work; precision work or power demanding, manual or mental work, etc., keeping in mind the load of the work, repetition and posture. One needs to decide on the right body measurements with respect to the type. of posture being adopted. For example, designing a chair to work in sitting posture will require various body dimensions of user like popliteal height, buttock to popliteal length, buttock width, lumbar height, shoulder breadth, etc.

3. Clearance, Reach and Strength required - Dimensions of equipment, work accessories and work spaces should be considered while designing, in order to achieve effective accommodative layout for enabling easy handling of equipment (reach and strength) by moving within and around the space (clearance).

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2. Indirect Method
a) Photogrammetry: Photograph is placed on the graph for measuring various body dimensions.

2-Dimensional(2D): Used when the photograph has front and side view of the person. The advantage of this method is that with one photograph we can get as many measurements. But, at the same time it takes lots of time to analyze the photograph.

3-Dimensional(3D): Used when the photograph had 3 dimensional view of the subject. This method is not successful, as the measurements cannot be accurate.

b)Plaster/ Clay Casting Method: In this method the clay or plaster is put on the body of the person, to take the impression of the parts of the body and the measured.

For a product, tool, furniture or work spaces to be successful by meeting the needs of the end user, the designers must use specific information about the user group, such as their anthropometric dimensions and physical characteristics.

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Techniques for Measuring Body Dimensions

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Techniques for Measuring Body Dimensions

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1. Direct Method
It is the most accurate method for measuring different body dimensions. Some of the standing and sitting measurements are discussed below with the illustration.

a) Anthropometric Kit:

Anthropometer: Used for measuring heights, widths and breaths.

Spreading Caliper: Used for bones- joint measurements.

Sliding Caliper: Used for smaller or fine measurements.

Anthropometric Tape: Used for circumference measurements.

b)Anthropometric Cone: Used for grip measurements.
c) Dynamometers: Used for strength measurements.
d) Anthropometric Board: Used for measuring various body dimensions.
e) Foot board: Used for feet measurements.
f) Finger board: Used for measuring the circumference of the fingers.
g) Skinfold Caliper: Used to measure the thickness of body fat.
h) Weighting scale: Used to  measure that body weight of the person.

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In general, body dimensions fall under two categories:

1. Structural Dimensions (Static type): Structural body dimensions are taken with the body of the subjects in fixed (static), standardized position. Many different body features can be measured, which can have some specific application like designing chest protectors, earphones, chairs, tables, helmets, eye glasses, etc.

2. Functional Dimensions (Dynamic type): Functional body dimensions are taken when the body is in motion. Although structural body dimensions are useful for certain design purposes, functional dimensions are probably more widely useful for most design problems. In most work and non work situations people are functional, whether operating a steering wheel, reaching for overhead storage for or reaching for switches on control panel.

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Anthropometry is the study of people in terms of their physical body Dimensions. It includes measurement of various human body characteristics such as size, breadth, circumference and distance between anatomical points.