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The fluid mosaic model was first proposed by S.J. Singer and Garth L. Nicolson in 1972 to explain the structure of the plasma membrane.

The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.

Plasma membranes range from 5 to 10 nm in thickness. For comparison, human red blood cells, visible via light microscopy, are approximately 8 µm wide, or approximately 1,000 times wider than a plasma membrane.

The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane vary with cell type. For example, myelin contains 18% protein and 76% lipid. The mitochondrial inner membrane contains 76% protein and 24% lipid.

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The Components and functions of the Plasma Membrane: The principal components of a plasma membrane are lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrates attached to some of the lipids and some of the proteins.

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The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane: The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Carbohydrates attached to lipids (glycolipids) and to proteins (glycoproteins) extend from the outward-facing surface of the membrane.

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THE PARTS AND ITS FUNCTIONS OF FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

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THE PARTS AND ITS FUNCTIONS OF FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

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Glycoproteins are found on the surface of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Their hydrophilic nature allows them to function in the aqueous environment, where they act in cell-cell recognition and binding of other molecules.

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Glycolipids are essential constituents of cellular membranes with a high number of functions.

They may act as receptors, be important for cell aggregation and dissociation, and may be responsible for specific cellular contact and for signal transduction.

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The lipid bilayer is a type of membrane that separates the cell from the environment and is made of two layers of phospholipids.

Also known as the phospholipid bilayer, the cell membrane surrounds the cell and forms a flexible barrier that allows the cell to be separate from the extracellular space.

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Channel proteins span the membrane and make hydrophilic tunnels across it, allowing their target molecules to pass through by diffusion.

Channels are very selective and will accept only one type of molecule (or a few closely related molecules) for transport.

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Cholesterol functions to immobilize the outer surface of the membrane, reducing fluidity.

It makes the membrane less permeable to very small water-soluble molecules that would otherwise freely cross.

It functions to separate phospholipid tails and so prevent crystallization of the membrane.

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Cytoskeleton are involved in modulating the shape of the cell, providing mechanical strength and integrity, enabling the movement of cells and facilitating the intracellular transport of supramolecular structures, vesicles and even organelles.

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Integral membrane proteins reside within the bilayer membranes that surround cells and organelles, playing critical roles in the movement of molecules across them and the transduction of energy and signals.

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Peripheral proteins, or peripheral membrane proteins, are a group of biologically active molecules formed from amino acids which interact with the surface of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Unlike integral membrane proteins, peripheral proteins do not enter to the hydrophobic space within the cell membrane.