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1. Fitri Nuraini Binti Darmawansyah (A187609)
2. Amirul Faiezeen Bin Muhamad Ridhwan (A188482)
3. Siti Nor Athirah Bt Kamaruzaman (A188255)
4. Huda Iskandariah binti Selamat (A189083)
5. Aina Syahirah binti Ariff (A190224)

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1. Nur Izzati Faghira Binti Amiruddin (A187974)
2. Nur Izzah Izzati Binti Mohd Zulfikri (A188544)
3. Anis Suryana binti Nasir (A185962)
4. Wan Lutfiah Aisyah binti Wan Rosli (A186059)

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1. Abi Dzar Bin Nizarudin(A186898)
2. Nurul Syamimie Binti Mohamad Sukri (A189389)
3. Noor Balqis binti Mohamad Noor (A187561)
4. Syarifah Nur Syakirah Binti Syed Aidiamin (A189567)

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1. MEGASHINIE A/P MAGANATHAN (A187925)
2. FOO EE NUO (A186058)
3. CARISSA KOH YONG EN (A181337)
4. CLARISSA FOONG JING YEN (A185891)

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1. Tai Xin Ying A185943
2. Nurehan Bt Azhar A189278
3. Nur Atikah Haji Affandi A185201
4. Nawal Awatif A187292

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1. Lee Jing Yao (A188201)
2. Ivonne Ling Jinn Yee (A187950)
3. Tey Kai Xian (A188899)
4. Tan Won Jing (A187483)
5. Erin Tan Shu Yi (A186964)

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Izzah zarifah binti nordin A189570
Khuhan P.Puraviappan  A185800
Nur Syahirah Binti Sazali A186809
Siti Aishah Binti Shamsul Bahrim A189266

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Beauties👸🏻
1. GOH XUE MIN (A186609)
2. LAM SHI YUN (A188343)
3. LIEW KUN LING (A190481)

Beast🐻
1. FOK JIA CHUNG (A185954)

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UMMI IZZATI BINTI MUHAMAD HAIRELL (A188199)
AISYAH FARHANAH BINTI HISAM
(A188023)
NURANEESHA BINTI MUSA (A188728)
NURUL IDZZAH BINTI BADRULHISHAM (A189024)
RAUDHATUL ATHIRAH BINTI HISHAM (A187745)

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1. Nur Aliya Najihah bt Rahim Sani (A189530)
2. Thursina binti Mohd Rozhan (A188137)
3. Nur Aisyah Atiqah Binti Mohd Rais (A187066)
4. Raihana Bt Abdulloh Salaeh (A190708)

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i just found this video on youtube few days ago,and this talk share something that we rarely hear about mental health,check this out this is so cool .

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Mental Disorders as Brain Disorders: Thomas Insel at TEDxCaltech

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Article Review on Infant Attachment Problems

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Article Review on Infant Attachment Problems

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Our Team                                               

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Our Team                                               

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🟄  Ainur Zulaisa Binti Mohd Sabri A188164                                                      🟄  Alya Farhanah Binti Hanapi A190578                                                  🟄  Nuraini Nazihah Binti Mohd Zaza A188126
🟄 Chen Xin Yi A188031

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MOVIE 1:SAY IT OUT LOUD
"It's never to late to heal"

MOVIE 2:ASKING FOR HELP
"It's okay to feel not okay"

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In this journal, developmental psychopathology principles were explored. There are various developmental psychopathology features in different domains.

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UNDO - The Epidemic of Eating Disorders (Short Film/ Microfilm) English | 中文 |Vietnamese | Español

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development and psychopathology (Cichetti) 

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Development and Psychopathology  Glossary

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Development and Psychopathology  Glossary

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Development and Psychopathology  Glossary

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"It's not about what's wrong with you, it's what happened to you." - Harry in Ep 2

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"It's not about what's wrong with you, it's what happened to you." - Harry in Ep 2

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Personality Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #34

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Get to know about cluster A Personality Disorder

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Get to know about cluster A Personality Disorder

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We will view the first 5 episodes in class; it would help you to have some guiding questions in thinking through about the series. Feel free to add on what helps you!

e.g.,

1. How do these shared experiences help you understand more about the nature of mental health conditions/disorders, in terms of:
a. relating them to your own observations around you?
b. to understanding the mechanisms underlying these conditions/disorders?

2. What sayings/quotes strikes or relates to you the most in this episode?

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"Everybody thinks it's gotta be a straight line, that if you get sick and then you get cured. It's just not like that. And I think that actually traps people. It traps people because they get so frustated. I did." - Lady Gaga 

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"Everybody thinks it's gotta be a straight line, that if you get sick and then you get cured. It's just not like that. And I think that actually traps people. It traps people because they get so frustated. I did." - Lady Gaga 

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"Tell somebody, don't show somebody" - Lady Gaga in Ep 1

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"Tell somebody, don't show somebody" - Lady Gaga in Ep 1

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Oprah Winfrey and Prince Harry join forces to guide honest discussions about mental health. This series features illuminating stories from across the globe, giving us the opportunity to seek truth, understanding, and a newfound hope for the future.

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Oprah Winfrey and Prince Harry join forces to guide honest discussions about mental health. This series features illuminating stories from across the globe, giving us the opportunity to seek truth, understanding, and a newfound hope for the future.

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What is Conversion Disorder - Anxiety Out Of Control?

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Functional Movement Disorder and Anxiety

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Functional Movement Disorder and Anxiety

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A psychiatrist explains how psychosomatic symptoms can manifest in some people with anxiety disorders. As someone with Functional Movement Disorder due to their Anxiety Disorders, I thought that it would be helpful to share about this as not many people are aware of it.

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What is Conversion Disorder - Anxiety Out Of Control?

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Medication for anxiety works together with psychotherapy for people who struggle with anxiety disorders. This is a short video explaining what kinds of medication exist for people with anxiety disorders, and how they work in the body.

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Here are some of the toolkits I have learned while being in therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder. These toolkits have been extremely useful to manage symptoms of my anxiety disorder and I hope that these can help someone else who is struggling as well.

Breathing 4 7 8
https://youtu.be/1Dv-ldGLnIY

Box Breathing
https://youtu.be/bF_1ZiFta-E

PMR
https://youtu.be/86HUcX8ZtAk

Butterfly hug
https://youtu.be/iGGJrqscvtU

Grounding 5 4 3
https://youtu.be/30VMIEmA114

One Meditation
Close your eyes and follow the 4 7 8 breathing technique. Upon exhale, say to yourself out loud “One”. Continue until you have managed to calm down and let your breathing go back to a normal pace.

Emotional dial
Imagine yourself in the situation that triggers your anxiety. Think about how it would feel like to have those feelings at it’s worst, and positively affirm yourself you can get through it while doing so. Repeat the steps with dialling down the intensity of these feelings from 5 to 1.

Safe place
https://youtu.be/Isw37iCwMCg

CBT
https://youtu.be/Yw1p9YlZKEU

Cognitive disputation
https://youtu.be/a0YyC1iS8Rc

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OCD and Anxiety Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #29

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An educational and helpful crash course video on different types of anxiety disorders. Within this video, Hank Green emphasises how important it is to not simply use these terms as it may further stigmatize people with these anxiety disorders. As someone who has been diagnosed with several anxiety disorders myself, I wholeheartedly agree. I think that people should be more mindful in their word usage and be more respectful of these conditions. The world can be a better place if only we be kinder to those around us.

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OCD and Anxiety Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #29

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An overview based on our understanding

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"Because connection to anybody that cares about you makes a world of difference"

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Quote From "The Me You Can't See Episode 1"

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Quote From "The Me You Can't See Episode 1"

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"I’ve had so many MRIs and scans. They don't find nothing. Your body remembers," - Lady Gaga on PTSD

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https://www.instagram.com/p/Ccx_iByMRGt/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=

https://www.instagram.com/p/Ccl4fzsu7ng/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=

Here are some links to give you some ideas to talk with people with anxiety. Sometimes we don't know know to react, don't know how we should comfort them, but all they need is just a reaffirmation, a reassurance.

Found this informational Instagram account discussing about mental health. Do check it out if you're interested! @mentalhealthpathways

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Set in the 1970s in a pretty corner of India, Barfi a hearing and speech impaired boy falls in love with Jhimil, an autistic g non verbal girl. This story recounts how 2 people with disabilities each try to escape from captivity and save each other. Communication between a person who is deaf and cannot speak with an autistic woman who also cannot speak is necessarily challenging. They only communicate through the mind and the sight of the eyes. Sometimes the autistic woman has a meltdown and Barfi doesn’t know what’s going on and doesn’t know what to do. A great movie to watch!

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The epigenetic landscape is a visualization of the interaction between genes and the environment by modeling the developmental pathways a cell can take during differentiation.

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Home Decor Minimalist Room Aesthetic Flyer Landscape

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MedlinePlus links to health information from the National Institutes of Health and other federal government agencies. MedlinePlus also links to health information from non-government Web sites. See our disclaimer about external links and our quality guidelines.

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MedlinePlus links to health information from the National Institutes of Health and other federal government agencies. MedlinePlus also links to health information from non-government Web sites. See our disclaimer about external links and our quality guidelines.

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ICD-11! Introduction and its importance 🏥💊

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ICD-11! Introduction and its importance 🏥💊

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Release of International Classification of Diseases. ICD-11

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Anxiety is something many of us feel when we're under pressure, scared or stressed. When you’re in a situation you don’t feel comfortable with anxiety happens because it triggers a fight or flight response.

These feelings can come out in several ways such as,

Finding it difficult to concentrate

Being irritable

The room starts to spin

You get a dry mouth

Hot flushes

Experience shortness of breath

Or you may have a panic attack

If you spend a lot of time feeling anxious, your body won’t return to its normal functioning state. This can make anxious feelings last for long periods of time, which may lead to panic attacks and also a weakened immune system. A panic attack can happen when you experience a sudden episode of intense fear or stress. However, triggers and feelings are similar to those of anxiety on a much greater scale.

Physical panic attack symptoms can be:

A racing heart

Sweating

Chills

Abdominal pain

Short of breath

Chest pain

Nausea

It's also common for people to feel like they're 'dying'

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Everyone has anxiety from time to time, but chronic anxiety can interfere with your quality of life. While perhaps most recognized for behavioral changes, anxiety can also have serious consequences on your physical health.

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Sleep-wake disorders involve problems with the quality, timing, and amount of sleep, which result in daytime distress and impairment in functioning. Sleep-wake disorders often occur along with medical conditions or other mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or cognitive disorders. There are several different types of sleep-wake disorders, of which insomnia is the most common. Other sleep-wake disorders include obstructive sleep apnea, parasomnias, narcolepsy, and restless leg syndrome.

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Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder characterized by sudden, repetitive, rapid, and unwanted movements or vocal sounds called tics. TS is one of a group of disorders of the developing nervous system called tic disorders.

There is no cure for TS, but treatments are available to help manage some symptoms.

Onset of Tics and Duration

Tics come and go over time, varying in type, frequency, location, and severity. The first symptoms usually occur between the ages of 5 and 10 years, generally in the head and neck area and may progress to include muscles of the trunk and arms and legs. Motor tics generally occur before the development of vocal tics and simple tics often precede complex tics.

Most people with TS experience their worst tic symptoms in their early teens, but tics typically lessen and become controlled by the late teens to early 20s. For some people, TS can be a chronic condition with symptoms that last into adulthood. Many people do not need treatment when symptoms do not interfere with daily life. Some individuals may become tic-free or no longer need medication to control their tics. In some cases, tics may worsen in adulthood. TS is not a degenerative condition (one that continues to get worse) and individuals with TS have a normal life expectancy

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This series is so valuable to our discussion on mental health. It encompasses most major relatable conditions in our current time. A MUST SEE, so lets..

Grab your afternoon snacks, popcorns & curl up in your favorite corner & reflect, reflect, reflect - we have a lot of room to agree to disagree on things.. Heres hoping that reception will be good!

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Oprah Winfrey and Prince Harry join forces to guide honest discussions about mental health. This series features illuminating stories from across the globe, giving us the opportunity to seek truth, understanding, and a newfound hope for the future.

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Oprah Winfrey and Prince Harry join forces to guide honest discussions about mental health. This series features illuminating stories from across the globe, giving us the opportunity to seek truth, understanding, and a newfound hope for the future.

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1. "positive" means the presence (rather than absence) of symptoms

Hallucination happen in the way that they might hear, see, smell, or feel things no one else does

Delusion is the beliefs that seem strange to most people and are easy to prove wrong. They believe that someone try to control them and think that they are someone else which is famous and important such as celebrity & politician.

2. " negative " refer to absence or lack of normal mental function involving thinking, behavior, and perception

Avolition Trouble staying on schedule or finishing what they start.

Alogia  less talk , less emotion

Anhedonia everything seems bored

3. Cognitive symptoms refer to how well the person’s brain learns, stores, and uses information.

Difficulty in keep track of different kinds of facts at the same time, like a phone number plus instructions.

Trouble paying attention

Difficulty in organizing their thoughts and make decisions.

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Natural disaster such as floods in Malaysia can cause a rise in PTSD cases

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Natural disaster such as floods in Malaysia can cause a rise in PTSD cases

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"Once the flood situation (improves), victims who return to their homes could experience PTSD symptoms. This could last for between six months and a year," he said.

Among the symptoms is distrust towards others. This is especially so for survivors and those who have lost loved ones.

"Some may experience memory loss and poor concentration. If not addressed properly, it may lead to reckless behaviour among adults and the use of drugs to cope.

"In children, it could be of great impact when they grow up," he said.

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Experts expect rise in anxiety, PTSD due to floods in Malaysia

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They said issues will be found not only among the displaced but also their families and members of the public. Read more at straitstimes.com.

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What Is the Difference Between Psychosis and Schizophrenia?

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What Is the Difference Between Psychosis and Schizophrenia?

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Psychosis and schizophrenia are both associated with mental health but they have some important differences. The terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but psychosis and schizophrenia are not the same.

Psychosis is a symptom that's defined as "losing touch with reality." Signs can include hallucinations, delusions, and agitation. It may be caused by substance use, sleep deprivation, or conditions like schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a mental health condition that can cause psychosis. People living with schizophrenia can experience symptoms of psychosis but not all people experiencing psychosis have schizophrenia.

This article explains the differences between psychosis and schizophrenia and addresses how they are linked. It will also cover the symptoms of psychosis and schizophrenia, how they are diagnosed, and how they are treated.

What Is Psychosis?

Psychosis means a person is feeling a loss of contact with reality. A period of psychosis is called a psychotic episode. Psychosis is not an illness by itself. Instead, it is a possible symptom of a number of different conditions.

Psychosis is a defining symptom of schizophrenia, but not everyone who experiences psychosis has schizophrenia. Around three out of every 100 young adults will experience an episode of psychosis.

Psychosis can happen to anyone. It can be caused by:

A psychotic episode can also occur on its own.

It's possible for someone to experience psychosis temporarily. For example, sleep deprivation, going through a traumatic event, being under extreme stress, taking certain prescription medications, or using substances (such as hallucinogens like LSD) can lead to psychosis. In these cases, the symptom will go away with time as a person recovers from the event or stress, or when they stop using the medication or substance.

What Is Schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia is a long-term mental health condition that affects a person's thought processes, emotions, and behavior. About one in 300 people have schizophrenia worldwide.

Psychotic symptoms can be part of living with schizophrenia. Cognitive symptoms such as trouble processing information or loss of motivation that makes it hard to do everyday activities can also occur with the condition.

Schizophrenia occurs in stages. The length of each stage differs from person to person, but the phases tend to occur in sequence and may recur throughout a person's life.

Prodromal phase :This phase can last from weeks to years. The symptomsduring this phase develop gradually and include the loss of interest in activities, social withdrawal, or difficulty concentrating. A person may also have an intense fixation on certain ideas or subjects.

Active phase:Theacute stage of schizophrenia is when psychotic symptoms occur. The symptoms can come on gradually after a prodromal phase or appear suddenly.

Residual phase:During this period, a person's symptoms have reduced, but they may still feel withdrawn and have trouble focusing.

Once a person develops schizophrenia, they will have schizophrenia for the rest of their lives.

Can You Be Schizophrenic Without Psychosis?

Psychosis vs. Schizophrenia: Key Differences

Psychosis is itself a symptom of a mental health condition, including schizophrenia. Psychosis can also occur along with other symptoms that usually come on gradually.

Other symptoms associated with psychosis include:

Agitation:This describes an excessive physical movement or verbal activity. Symptoms of agitation can also include emotional distress, restlessness, or pacing.

Delusions:Delusions arefalse beliefs that are not based on reality. A person having delusions will not change their beliefs even when given evidence that a belief is false. For example, believing that a famous person is in love with them despite never meeting that person.

Disorganized thinking or behavior:Disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia are things like jumbled or hard-to-understand speech, writing, or thinking. These symptoms can make it difficult for someone to communicate with others and keep their thoughts straight.

Hallucinations:Hallucinations occur when a person senses things that are not really there. This can include hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, and feeling things that feel real to them, but are not.

Psychosis: Early Warning Signs

Schizophrenia

The symptoms of schizophrenia are important to making a diagnosis of the condition. A person living with schizophrenia may experience:

Delusions

Hallucinations

Disorganized speech

Disorganized or catatonic behavior (e.g., restlessness, lack of movement, and/or erratic movement)

Negative symptoms (e.g., minimal or no emotional expression and lack of motivation)

People living with schizophrenia can experience psychotic symptoms, such as:

Paranoia (for example, believing that they are being spied on or being controlled by outside forces)

A belief that others can read their thoughts

Believing that ordinary events hold special meaning specifically to them (e.g., that a person is sending them messages through the television)

Delusions of grandeur (e.g., believing they are of great importance, are very powerful, or have special powers)

Hearing noises or voices that are not there (e.g., hearing voices telling them to do certain things)

Switching quickly from subject to subject when speaking

Making up words

Discussing ideas that seem unrelated

Having difficulty performing everyday tasks such as self-care and hygiene

Difficulty planning

Experiencing symptoms of catatonia (e.g., physical rigidity, repetitive movements, or lack of a response to their environment)

Psychosis can be a symptom of schizophrenia. Therefore, some of the treatments for schizophrenia and psychosis can overlap. Your provider will help you decide which treatment options are best for you.

Early treatment for psychosis is very important to help someone recover. Treatment for psychosis depends on the cause but often involves antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy.

Antipsychotics might work by blocking the effects of the overactivity of a brain chemical called dopamine. This chemical affects emotions, planning, and memory. The overactivity of dopamine is thought to contribute to psychotic symptoms.

Antipsychotic drugs generally fall into one of two categories: atypical or typical.

Atypical, or second-generation, antipsychotics: These medications inhibit dopamine action and affect levels of serotonin (a chemical related to mood). They are usually the first choice to treat schizophrenia.

Typical, or first-generation, antipsychotics: These antipsychotics inhibit dopamine activity but do not affect serotonin.

Antipsychotic medications work differently for each person and may cause side effects. It's important that you discuss the risks and benefits with your provider.

You should also know that antipsychotic medications can take up to six weeks to reach their full effect. However, they may start to reduce symptoms of psychosis within hours or days. When taken long-term, antipsychotics can help prevent future psychotic episodes.

Psychotherapy can also be used to help people who are experiencing psychosis. Therapy can be done individually or in a group, and may involve building coping skills, wellness management, and resilience training.

Schizophrenia

Treatments for schizophrenia will also likely include both medications and psychotherapy.

Common schizophrenia treatments include:

Antipsychotic drugs: These medications are used to treat psychosis, which includes symptoms like hallucinations and delusions. Providers will prescribe the best medication combination and dosage for each person.

Psychosocial treatments: Therapy is used alongside medication to help a person living with schizophrenia manage symptoms and handle activities at school, work, and home. One type of therapy is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps a person learn to modify their behaviors by recognizing and changing thought patterns.

Coordinated specialty care: In these programs, a person living with schizophrenia works with healthcare providers to make a plan of treatment, usually when they are still in the early stages of the condition. The treatment plan may include medication, psychotherapy, case management, education support, employment support, and family education.

Drug and alcohol treatment: Misusing substances like drugs and alcohol is common in people living with schizophrenia. A drug or alcohol rehabilitation program that's designed specifically for people with mental health conditions might be recommended.

Psychosis is a symptom that refers to a loss of touch with reality. Schizophrenia is a mental health condition that has many symptoms, and psychosis can be one of them.

People living with schizophrenia often have psychotic symptoms. However, all people experiencing psychotic symptoms do not necessarily have schizophrenia.

Treatment for both psychosis and schizophrenia usually includes antipsychotic medication and psychotherapy. The combination of treatments will be based on what's best for each person.

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What are the similarities and differences between psychosis vs schizophrenia? Both are associated with mental health, but they're not the same conditions.

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The main traits shared among cluster B personality disorders are:

dramatic, overly emotional, or erratic behaviors

difficulty maintaining healthy, stable relationships

traits that cause distress and impairments among those affected

impulsive behaviors or self-destructive tendencies

challenges finding effective treatment options

possible co-occurring mental health conditions

According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) , race or sex doesn’t have any impact on the prevalence of personality disorders.

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Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, overly emotional or unpredictable thinking or behavior. There are 4 types of cluster B which are antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder.

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CBT not only used for ADHD, but also used for Anxiety, Depression, Bipolar, OCD or Schizophrenia.

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What is CBT? | Making Sense of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

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6 Research-Based Interventions for the Treatment of ADHD in Children

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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- What is ADHD?
- What are the risk & prognostic factors for ADHD?
- What are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD?
- What are the interventions for people with ADHD?

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Motor tics : movements of body
Vocal tics : sounds coming from an individual's voice

Simple tics : involve just a few parts of the body
Complex tics :  usually involve several different parts of the body and can have pattern.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a condition of the nervous system. TS causes people to have "tics".

Tics are sudden twitches, movements, or sounds that people do repeatedly. People who have tics cannot stop their body from doing these things. For example, a person might keep blinking over and over. Or, a person might make a grunting sound unwillingly.

Having tics is a little bit like having hiccups. Even though you might not want to hiccup, your body does it anyway. Sometimes people can stop themselves from doing a certain tic for a while, but it's hard. Eventually the person has to do the tic. Depending on the type of tics a person has, and how long the tics last, a person might be diagnosed with Tourette syndrome or another type of tic disorder.

Types of Tics

There are two types of tics-motor and vocal.

Motor Tics

Motor tics are movements of the body. Examples of motor tics include blinking, shrugging the shoulders, or jerking an arm.

Vocal Tics

Vocal tics are sounds that a person makes with his or her voice. Examples of vocal tics include humming, clearing the throat, or yelling out a word or phrase.

Tics can be either simple or complex:

Simple Tics

Simple tics involve just a few parts of the body. Examples of simple tics include squinting the eyes or sniffing.

Complex Tics

Complex tics usually involve several different parts of the body and can have a pattern. An example of a complex tic is bobbing the head while jerking an arm, and then jumping up.

Symptoms of Tourette syndrome

The main symptoms of TS are tics. A person can have tics ranging from simple, temporary tics lasting a few weeks or months, to having many complex tics that are long-lasting. Symptoms of TS usually begin when a child is 5 to 10 years of age. The first symptoms often are motor tics that occur in the head and neck area.

The types of tics and how often a person has tics changes a lot over time. Even though the symptoms might appear, disappear, and reappear, these conditions are considered chronic.

In most cases, tics decrease during adolescence and early adulthood, and sometimes disappear entirely. However, many people with TS experience tics into adulthood and, in some cases, tics can become worse during adulthood.

Although the media often portray people with TS as involuntarily shouting out swear words (called coprolalia) or constantly repeating the words of other people (called echolalia), these symptoms are rare, and are not required for a diagnosis of TS.

Diagnosing Tourette syndrome

There is no single test, like a blood test, to diagnose TS. Health professionals look at the person's symptoms to diagnose TS and other tic disorders. The tic disorders differ from each other in terms of the type of tic present (motor or vocal, or combination of the both), and how long the symptoms have lasted. TS can be diagnosed if a person has both motor and vocal tics, and has had tic symptoms for at least a year.
Learn more about how TS and other tic disorders are diagnosed "
Treatment for Tourette syndrome

Although there is no cure for TS, there are treatments available to help manage the tics. Many people with TS have tics that do not get in the way of their daily life and, therefore, do not need any treatment. However, medication and behavioral treatments are available if tics cause pain or injury; interfere with school, work, or social life; or cause stress.
Learn more about treatments "
Other Concerns and Conditions
Watch the video "
TS often occurs with other conditions. Most children diagnosed with TS also have been diagnosed with at least one additional mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It is important to find out if a person with TS has any other conditions, and treat those conditions properly.
Learn more about other concerns and conditions "
Risk Factors and Causes

Doctors and scientists do not know the exact cause of TS. Research suggests that it is an inherited genetic condition. That means it is passed on from parent to child through .
Learn more about risk factors and causes "
More Information

References

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition, text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2022.

Bloch, MH, Leckman, JF. Clinical course of Tourette Syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2009; 67(6): 497-501.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of diagnosed Tourette Syndrome in persons aged 6-17 years - United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009; 58(21): 581-5.

Bitsko, RH, Holbrook, JR, Visser, SN, Mink, JW, Zinner, SH, Ghandour, RM, Blumberg, SJ (2014). A National Profile of Tourette Syndrome, 2011-2012. J Dev Behav Pediatr 35(5), 317-322.

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Facts, causes, signs, diagnosis, and treatments for Tourette Syndrome.

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Anxiety 101- 5. How to Support Your Child or Teen With Anxiety

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People With Anxiety & Depression Share Advice For Anyone Who's Struggling | Soul Stories

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Types of Anxiety & How to TREAT and MANAGE Anxiety

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Types of Anxiety & How to TREAT and MANAGE Anxiety

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In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association revised the PTSD diagnostic criteria in the fifth edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) 1. PTSD is included in a new category in DSM-5, Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders. All of the conditions included in this classification require exposure to a traumatic or stressful event as a diagnostic criterion.

Note that DSM-5 introduced a preschool subtype of PTSD for children ages six years and younger. The criteria below are specific to adults, adolescents, and children older than six years.

All of the criteria are required for the diagnosis of PTSD. The following text summarizes the diagnostic criteria:

Criterion A: stressor (one required)

The person was exposed to: death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence, in the following way(s):

Direct exposure

Witnessing the trauma

Learning that a relative or close friend was exposed to a trauma

Indirect exposure to aversive details of the trauma, usually in the course of professional duties (e.g., first responders, medics)

Criterion B: intrusion symptoms (one required)

The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in the following way(s):

Unwanted upsetting memories

Nightmares

Flashbacks

Emotional distress after exposure to traumatic reminders

Physical reactivity after exposure to traumatic reminders

Criterion C: avoidance (one required)

Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma, in the following way(s):

Trauma-related thoughts or feelings

Trauma-related external reminders

Criterion D: negative alterations in cognitions and mood (two required)

Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma, in the following way(s):

Inability to recall key features of the trauma

Overly negative thoughts and assumptions about oneself or the world

Exaggerated blame of self or others for causing the trauma

Negative affect

Decreased interest in activities

Feeling isolated

Difficulty experiencing positive affect

Criterion E: alterations in arousal and reactivity

Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma, in the following way(s):

Irritability or aggression

Risky or destructive behavior

Hypervigilance

Heightened startle reaction

Difficulty concentrating

Difficulty sleeping

Criterion F: duration (required)

Symptoms last for more than 1 month.

Criterion G: functional significance (required)

Symptoms create distress or functional impairment (e.g., social, occupational).

Criterion H: exclusion (required)

Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.

Two specifications:

Dissociative Specification In addition to meeting criteria for diagnosis, an individual experiences high levels of either of the following in reaction to trauma-related stimuli:

Depersonalization. Experience of being an outside observer of or detached from oneself (e.g., feeling as if "this is not happening to me" or one were in a dream).

Derealization. Experience of unreality, distance, or distortion (e.g., "things are not real").

Delayed Specification. Full diagnostic criteria are not met until at least six months after the trauma(s), although onset of symptoms may occur immediately.

For a review of the DSM-5 changes to the criteria for PTSD, see the American Psychiatric Association website on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Full copyrighted criteria are available from the American Psychiatric Association 1.
1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

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Learn exactly what post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, is and what can trigger it.

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The psychology of post-traumatic stress disorder - Joelle Rabow Maletis

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In ICD 11, eating disorders are classified in Feeding or eating disorders (Parent: 06 Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders)

Feeding and eating disorders are described as abnormal eating or feeding behaviours that are not explained by another health condition and are not developmentally appropriate or culturally sanctioned.

Feeding disorders = involve behavioural disturbances that are not related to body weight and shape concerns, such as eating of non-edible substances or voluntary regurgitation of foods.

Eating disorders = abnormal eating behaviour and preoccupation with food as well as prominent body weight and shape concerns.

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depression - Presentation (canva.com)

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A “psychotic disorder” is an umbrella term to describe multiple types of mental health conditions that involve a phenomenon called psychosis.

Psychosis itself is characterized by an impaired relationship with reality, often including confusion, hallucinations, and delusions.

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Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality, which can be distressing for them and for their family and friends. The symptoms of schizophrenia can make it difficult to participate in usual, everyday activities, but effective treatments are available. Many people who receive treatment can engage in school or work, achieve independence, and enjoy personal relationships

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DSM 5 Anxiety Disorders (A Complete Guide) - PsychReel

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In this brief guide, we will discuss some of the most prominent DSM 5 anxiety disorders and their diagnostic criteria.

DSM 5 Anxiety Disorders

DSM 5 Anxiety disorder include the following disorders:

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Selective Mutism

Specific Phobia

Social Anxiety Disorder

Panic Disorder

Agoraphobia

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Substance/Medication Induced Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety disorder due to another Medical Condition

There are three disorders included in the DSM 5 anxiety disorders chapter that are not given in the other major classificatory system, which is the ICD 10, or the international classification of disorders.

The ICD 10 also mentions somatoform disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, adjust disorder, and mixed anxiety and depression disorder under the classification of anxiety disorders whereas the DSM 5 anxiety disorders chapter does not include these and they may be separate and distinct chapters.

Now that we know what the DSM 5 anxiety disorders are, let us take a look at the diagnostic criteria for each one to understand it better.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

The diagnostic criteria for Separation anxiety disorder in the DSM 5 Anxiety disorders chapter is given as follows:

"Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from

those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least three of the following:

Recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or from major attachment figures.

Persistent and excessive worry about losing major attachment figures or about possible harm to them, such as illness, injury, disasters, or death.

Persistent and excessive worry about experiencing an untoward event (e.g., getting lost, being kidnapped, having an accident, becoming ill) that causes separation from a major attachment figure.

Persistent reluctance or refusal to go out, away from home, to school, to work, or elsewhere because of fear of separation.

Persistent and excessive fear of or reluctance about being alone or without major attachment figures at home or in other settings.

Persistent reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home or to go to sleep without being near a major attachment figure.

Repeated nightmares involving the theme of separation.

Repeated complaints of physical symptoms (e.g., headaches, stomachaches, nausea, vomiting) when separation from major attachment figures occurs or is anticipated."

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults.

The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, academic, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder, such as refusing to leave home because of excessive resistance to change in autism spectrum disorder; delusions or hallucinations concerning separation in psychotic disorders; refusal to go outside without a trusted companion in agoraphobia; worries about ill health or other harm befalling significant others in generalized anxiety disorder, or concerns about having an illness in illness anxiety disorder.

Selective Mutism

Selective mutism is another disorder that is present in the DSM 5 anxiety disorders chapter and is included in childhood disorders in the ICD 10, which is because it is diagnosed mostly in children, though it is not impossible for it to not occur in adults.

Selective mutism is similar to Elective mutism, but the two should not be mixed up as the codes and names matter when the questions of insurance or other administrative things are present.

The diagnostic criteria for Selective Mutism in the DSM 5 anxiety disorders chapter are given as follows:

"Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation for speaking (e.g., at school) despite speaking in other situations.

The disturbance interferes with educational or occupational achievement or with social communication.

The duration of the disturbance is at least 1 month (not limited to the first month of school).

The failure to speak is not attributable to a lack of knowledge of, or comfort with, the spoken language required in the social situation.

The disturbance is not better explained by a communication disorder (e.g. childhood-onset fluency disorder) and does not occur exclusively during the course of autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or another psychotic disorder.)"

Specific Phobia

Specific Phobia is common to both DSM 5 anxiety disorders as well as ICD 10 Neurotic and Stress-related disorder s, and the diagnostic criteria for this category are given below:

"Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, receiving an injection, seeing blood).

Note: In children, the fear or anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging.

The phobic object or situation almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety.

The phobic object or situation is actively avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety.

The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation and to the sociocultural context.

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more.

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder, including fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations associated with panic-like symptoms or other incapacitating symptoms (as in agoraphobia); objects or situations related to obsessions (as in obsessive-compulsive disorder); reminders of traumatic events (as in posttraumatic stress disorder); separation from home or attachment figures (as in separation anxiety disorder); or social situations (as in social anxiety disorder)."

In specific phobias, there are Codes based on the phobic stimulus, which go something along these lines:

"300.29 (F40.218) Animal (e.g., spiders, insects, dogs).

300.29 (F40.228) Natural environment (e.g., heights, storms, water).

300.29 (F40.23x) Blood-injection-injury (e.g., needles, invasive medical procedures).

300.29 (F40.248) Situational (e.g., airplanes, elevators, enclosed places).

300.29 (F40.298) Other (e.g., situations that may lead to choking or vomiting; in children, e.g., loud sounds or costumed characters)."

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social anxiety disorder is another category that is common to both DSM 5 anxiety disorders chapter as well as the ICD 10 anxiety disorders.

The diagnostic criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder are as follows:

"Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Examples include social interactions (e.g., having a conversation, meeting unfamiliar people), being observed (e.g., eating or drink- ing), and performing in front of others (e.g., giving a speech).

Note: In children, the anxiety must occur in peer settings and not just during interactions with adults.

The individual fears that he or she will act in a way or show anxiety symptoms that will be negatively evaluated (i.e., will be humiliating or embarrassing; will lead to rejection or offend others).

Social situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety.

Note: In children, the fear or anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, clinging, shrinking, or failing to speak in social situations.

The social situations are avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety.

The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the social situation and to the socio-cultural context.

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more.

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition.

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder, such as panic disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder.

If another medical condition (e.g., Parkinson's disease, obesity, disfigurement from bums, or injury) is present, the fear, anxiety, or avoidance is clearly unrelated or is excessive.

Performance only: If the fear is restricted to speaking or performing in public."

Social anxiety disorder is also referred to as a Social Phobia.

Panic Disorder

The diagnostic criteria for Panic disorder in the DSM 5 anxiety disorders chapter are given as follows:

"Recurrent unexpected panic attacks. A panic attack is an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, and during which time four (or more) of the following symptoms occur:

Note: The abrupt surge can occur from a calm state or an anxious state.

Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate.

Sweating.

Trembling or shaking.

Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering.

Feelings of choking.

Chest pain or discomfort.

Nausea or abdominal distress.

Feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed, or faint.

Chills or heat sensations.

Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations).

Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself).

Fear of losing control or "going crazy."

Fear of dying."

"Note: Culture-specific symptoms (e.g., tinnitus, neck soreness, headache, uncontrollable screaming or crying) may be seen. Such symptoms should not count as one of the four required symptoms.

At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of one or both of the following:

Persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences (e.g., losing control, having a heart attack, "going crazy").

A significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks (e.g., behaviors designed to avoid having panic attacks, such as avoidance of exercise or unfamiliar situations).

The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism, cardiopulmonary disorders).

The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g., the panic attacks do not occur only in response to feared social situations, as in social anxiety disorder; in response to circumscribed phobic objects or situations, as in specific phobia; in response to obsessions, as in obsessive-compulsive disorder; in response to reminders of traumatic events, as in posttraumatic stress disorder; or in response to separation from attachment figures, as in separation anxiety disorder)."

Agoraphobia

Agoraphobia is also common to both DSM 5 Anxiety Disorders as well as the ICD 10, and the diagnostic criteria are given below:

"Marked fear or anxiety about two (or more) of the following five situations:

Using public transportation (e.g., automobiles, buses, trains, ships, planes).

Being in open spaces (e.g., parking lots, marketplaces, bridges).

Being in enclosed places (e.g., shops, theaters, cinemas).

Standing in line or being in a crowd.

Being outside of the home alone.

The individual fears or avoids these situations because of thoughts that escape might be difficult or help might not be available in the event of developing panic-like symptoms or other incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms (e.g., fear of falling in the elderly; fear of incontinence).

Agoraphobic situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety.

The agoraphobic situations are actively avoided, require the presence of a companion, or are endured with intense fear or anxiety.

The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the agoraphobic situations and to the socio-cultural context.

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more.

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

If another medical condition (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson's disease) is present, the fear, anxiety, or avoidance is clearly excessive.

The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder-for example, the symptoms are not confined to specific phobia, situational type; do not involve only social situations (as in social anxiety disorder), and are not related exclusively to obsessions (as in obsessive-compulsive disorder), perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance (as in body dysmorphic disorder), reminders of traumatic events (as in posttraumatic stress disorder), or fear of separation (as in separation anxiety disorder)."

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety disorder is one of the most common types of anxiety disorders and therefore it is very important to know the diagnostic criteria for this disorder, which according to DSM 5 anxiety disorders are:

"Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities (such as work or school performance).

The individual finds it difficult to control the worry.

The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or more) of the following six symptoms (with at least some symptoms having been present for more days than not for the past 6 months):

Note: Only one item is required for children.

Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge.

Being easily fatigued.

Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank.

Irritability.

Muscle tension.

Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless, unsatisfying sleep).

The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).

The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder (e.g., anxiety or worry about having panic attacks in panic disorder, negative evaluation in social anxiety disorder (social phobia], contamination or other obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder, separation from attachment figures in separation anxiety disorder, reminders of traumatic events in posttraumatic stress disorder, gaining weight in anorexia nervosa, physical complaints in somatic symptom disorder, perceived appearance flaws in body dysmorphic disorder, having a serious illness in illness anxiety disorder, or the content of delusional beliefs in schizophrenia or delusional disorder)."

Anxiety isn't just suffered by people. Animals also suffer from anxiety and there are various treatment options available over the counter or by prescription for your pets. The Vetpro stress and anxie ty treatment is very common for dogs and cats suffering from stress or anxiety.

Substance/Medication Induced Anxiety Disorder

The DSM 5 anxiety disorders category has another disorder that is not found in the ICD 10 category for anxiety disorders, and that is Substance or Medication-induced Anxiety disorder, the diagnostic criteria for which are given below:

"Panic attacks or anxiety are predominant in the clinical picture.

There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings of both

(1) and (2):

The symptoms in Criterion A developed during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal or after exposure to a medication.

The involved substance/medication is capable of producing the symptoms in Criterion A

The disturbance is not better explained by an anxiety disorder that is not substance/ medication-induced. Such evidence of an independent anxiety disorder could include the following:

The symptoms precede the onset of the substance/medication use; the symptoms persist for a substantial period of time (e.g., about 1 month) after the cessation of acute withdrawal or severe intoxication; or there is other evidence suggesting the existence of an independent non-substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder (e.g., a history of recurrent non-substance/medication-related episodes).

The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.

The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning."

Anxiety disorder due to another Medical Condition

The last class in the DSM 5 anxiety disorders category is that of Anxiety disorders due to another medical condition, and the diagnostic criteria for this are:

"Panic attacks or anxiety are predominant in the clinical picture.

There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is the direct pathophysiological consequence of another medical condition.

The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder.

The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium.

The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning."

Conclusion

In this brief guide, we discussed some of the most prominent DSM 5 anxiety disorders and their diagnostic criteria.

Anxiety disorders can seem threatening and something that a lot of people may not know exactly how to deal with, but gathering information from the DSM 5 anxiety disorder chapters can be a good first step towards reaching a place of transformation.

The idea behind discussing the DSM 5 anxiety disorders is just that, to educate more and more people and discuss ways in which anxiety can be resolved so that no one has to go through the experience of anxiety for no apparent reason.

Anxiety disorders are also subject of many theories such as the multidimensional anxiety theory which refers to sports psychology.

So if you have any questions or comments about anything related to this subject, or if you have further questions about the DSM 5 anxiety disorders discussed here, please feel free to reach out to us.

There are also various organisations such as Nofap who are dealing with social anxiety caused by things you may not even imagine could cause anxiety.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs): DSM 5 Anxiety Disorders

Citations

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5 (DSM 5)

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DSM 5 Anxiety Disorders (A Complete Guide) - PsychReel

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In this brief guide, we will discuss some of the most prominent DSM 5 anxiety disorders and their diagnostic criteria.

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WHAT IS OCD
-a common mental health condition where a person has obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviours.
-OCD can affect men, women and children.
- Some people start having symptoms early, often around puberty, but it usually starts during early adulthood.
-OCD may lead to devastating impacts such as depression and suicide.

There are 5 types of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)
https://www.stlukeshealth.org/resources/5-common-types-ocd

1. ORGANIZATION
- involves obsessions about things being in precisely the right place or symmetrical

2. CONTAMINATION
- People with this type often feel the need to wash their hands repeatedly and clean items frequently to avoid spreading the perceived contamination

3. INTRUSIVE THOUGHTS
-have distressing and often abhorrent ideas pop into their heads seemingly at random.

4. RUMINATIONS
-People who experience ruminations will be stuck on this topic for a while and might ignore responsibilities while they try to figure out an answer

5. CHECKING
causing damage or harm by being careless

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OCD AND ANXIETY
https://www.treatmyocd.com/blog/is-ocd-a-form-of-anxiety

SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY

Feeling nervous, irritable or on edge

Breathing rapidly, hyperventilating or trembling

Experiencing gastrointestinal problems

An increased heart rate

OCD, on the other hand, is a condition where a person experiences unwanted thoughts, urges or impulses that are obsessive and lead them to compulsive actions in an attempt to reduce the distress that comes with these thoughts.

In contrast, someone with more general anxiety will experience worries without necessarily taking compulsive actions

TREATMENT FOR OCD
Source: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354438
OCD treatment may not result in a cure, but it can help to bring the symptoms under control. Common treatments are psychotherapy and medications.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Through my eyes

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7:45

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Through my eyes

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Eating Disorders: It’s Not All About Food (the underlying triggers responsible for eating disorders)

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Eating Disorders: It’s Not All About Food (the underlying triggers responsible for eating disorders)

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"The more we restrict, the more likely we are to overeat. And the more we divide foods into good and bad, right and wrong, the more anxiety we're likely to have and the more distress and preoccupations we're likely to have with food and eating. " It is ironic how much eating disorders are not actually about food.

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An Eating Disorder Specialist Explains How Trauma Creates Food Disorders

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Copy of Depression Breakthrough | by Slidesgo

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An anxiety disorder that develops in reaction to physical injury or severe mental or emotional distress, such as military combat, violent assault, natural disaster, or other life-threatening events.

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