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Blends made up of initial letters.

Example:(OMG: Oh my god)

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Sporadically, however, we encounter a kind of compound where at least one component is reproduced only partially.

Example: snake, snack, snow, sneak, snore, snap.

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The grammatical words that green, greener and greenest express are the positive, comparative and superlative of "green", contrasting on the dimension of comparison.

Example: (hot, hotter, hottest).

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Word seen as an abstract grammatical entity, represented concretely by one or more different inflected word forms according to the grammatical context.

Example: The verb lexeme “PERFORM” has four inflected word forms: perform, performs, performing and performed.

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Smaller parts of words

Example: -sent in the word dissent.

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The area of grammar concerned with the structure of words and with relationships between words involving the morphemes that compose them.

Example: prefixes, suffixes and base words.

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Words for animal cries.

Example: meow, woof.

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Of the non-root morphemes in the words that we have looked at so far, those that precede the root.

Example: en- in enlarge

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Is a traditional saying, syntactically a sentence, whose conventional interpretation differs from what is suggested by the literal meaning of the words it contains.

Example: "Having too many people involved in a task makes it more difficult to complete."

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10. Sound symbolism: /sɑʊnd/ /ˈsɪm.bəl.ɪ.zəm/

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10. Sound symbolism: /sɑʊnd/ /ˈsɪm.bəl.ɪ.zəm/

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Sets of words in which some similarity in sound that seems to reflect a vague similarity in meaning, such as smoothness or wetness or both in the set of words.

For example: slip, slop, slurp, slide, slither, sleek, slick, slaver, slug.

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1. Auxiliary verbs: /ɑːɡˈzɪl.i.er-/ /vɜrbs/

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1. Auxiliary verbs: /ɑːɡˈzɪl.i.er-/ /vɜrbs/

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Reflects the fact that these verbs do not refer to actions or states but ‘help’ main verbs.

Example: Read to build a construction.

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Is a unit which as a minimum consists of a verb and its complements but which may consist of a verb, its complements and its adjuncts.

Example: The fast, red squirrel darted up a tree.

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Constitute interesting extra information but, and this is the difficulty, are not confined to verbs and their complement nouns; they apply to adjectives and nouns.

Example: heavy smoker, heavy drinker, staple diet, staple crop, staple industry.

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They are known as lexical or content words, and in English include nouns

Example: villa, baby, idea), verbs (. buy, destroy, think), adjectives (wooden, strong, abstract) adverbs (e.g. rapidly, hopefully.

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It contains an agent noun phrase; but approximately 95 per cent of passive clauses in spoken and written texts do not have a phrase referring to the do-er or agent.

Example: That piano was bought for his secret fiancée

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Being the names of persons, places and things and verbs being the names of actions or states.

Examples:Man, Women, Cat, Dogs, etc.

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Is applied only to sequences of more than one word.

Example: He was waiting for the rain to stop.

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Without its agent phrase, as in the above example.

Example: That piano was bought for his secret fiancée.

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Especially spontaneous conversation, practically nothing is signalled. In the reading-aloud of written texts, the reader may pause between sentences, but typically does not do so between clauses and certainly not between individual words.

Example: Informative speech, entertaining speech, entertaining speeches, persuasive speech, etc.

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Suffixes that express grammatical information, such as ‘plural’, are inflectional suffixes.

Examples: Such as -ish that derive new lexical items are derivational suffixes.

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When words or phrases have more than one meaning, that is, when they are ambiguous.

Example: “The boy saw the man with a telescope” It is an ambiguity because we don’t know who had the telescope.

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If the individual words have meaning but cannot be combined together as required by the syntactic structure and related semantic rules, we will also not get to a meaning.

Example: “Colourless green ideas sleep furiously.”

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Is the neurological term for any language disorder that results from brain damage caused by disease or trauma.

Example: a person with Broca's aphasia may say, "Walk dog," meaning, "I will take the dog for a walk," or "book book two table," for "There are two books on the table." People with Broca's aphasia typically understand the speech of others fairly well.

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Sentences are always false.

Example: Circles are square.

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One sentence entails another if whenever the first sentence is true the second one is also true, in all conceivable circumstances.

Example: The sentence “Jack swims beautifully” is true, we also know that the sentence “Jack swims” must also be true.

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Have a fixed meaning, that is, a meaning that is not compositional.

Example: “Better late than never” Means “Better to arrive late than not to come at all.”

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Some sentences with lot of creativity and imagination to derive a meaning.

Example: “The classroom was a zoo.”

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The study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences.

Example: "destination" and "last stop" technically mean the same thing, but students of semantics analyze their subtle shades of meaning.

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If they are both true or both false with respect to the same situations.

Example: Afraid, scared and frightened.

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Their truth is guaranteed solely by the meaning of their parts and the way they are put together

Example: “Circles are round.”

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Which describe the NPs that may occur with particular verbs.

Example: the verb 'build' can be represented as a predicate taking two arguments, while the verb 'give' takes three arguments.

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Require knowledge of the situation (person spoken to, place, time, spatial orientation) of the utterance to be interpreted referentially.

Example: you, there, now, and the other side.

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In all languages, the reference of certain words and expressions relies entirely on the situational context of the utterance, and can only be understood in light of these circumstances.

Example: if you would ask a visiting exchange student, "Have you been in this country long?" the words this country and you are the deictic expressions, as they refer to the country where the conversation happens and the person being addressed in the conversation, respectively.

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Consists of several sentences, including exchanges between speakers.

Example: An example of discourse is a professor meeting with a student to discuss a book.

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Is concerned with the broad speech units comprising multiple sentences. It involves questions of style, appropriateness, cohesiveness, rhetorical force, topic/subtopic structure, etc.

Example: Charles Fillmore points out that two sentences taken together as a single discourse can have meanings different from each one taken separately.

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Are deductions that are not made strictly on the basis of the content expressed in the discourse.

Example: a speaker who says “I ate some of the cookies” could properly be meaning either “I ate them all” (engaging in understatement), or “I did not eat them all” (quantity implicature), or “I do not know whether I ate them all” (ignorance implicature).

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Is concerned with our understanding of language in context.

Example: Will you crack open the door? I am getting hot..

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Situations that must exist for utterances to be appropriate.

Example: Jane no longer writes fiction. Presupposition: Jane once wrote fiction.

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Are lexical items that can get their meaning from other NPs in the sentence or in the larger discourse.

Example: I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, etc.

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10. Thematic roles: /θiːˈmæt̬.ɪk/ /roʊls/

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10. Thematic roles: /θiːˈmæt̬.ɪk/ /roʊls/

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Describe the semantic relations between a verb and its NP arguments.

Example: objects of give and hand, subjects of walk and die.