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It’s hard to imagine the correct diagnosis and treatment of injuries as common as fractures without X-ray imaging technology. X-rays were accidentally discovered when a German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was studying electric currents passing through a gas of extremely low pressure.

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X-Ray’s discovery led to a surge in the efforts to search for methods to access even more details without cutting open a body. This subsequently led to the invention of the CT scanner. Its commercial version was invented by Dr. Godfrey Hounsfield who received a Nobel Prize for medicine in 1979. This device was able to display multiple layers within multiple X-ray images.

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French physician René Laënnec invented the 'stethoscope,' creating a trumpet-shaped wooden tube that amplified sounds coming from lungs and heart. That principle of sound amplification has yet to change.

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the age of antibiotics began in 1907 with the creation of Salvarsan by Alfred Bertheim and Paul Ehrlich. Today this Salvarsan is known as Arsphenamine. It was the first drug to effectively counter Syphilis, marking the beginning of anti-bacterial treatment. Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, and in combination with vaccines have helped with eradicating diseases like tuberculosis.

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Beginning with an attempt by Edward Jenner in 1796 to use inoculations to tame the infamous smallpox virus, the usefulness and popularity of vaccines grew very quickly. Throughout the 1800s and early 1900s, various vaccinations were created to combat some of the world’s deadliest diseases, including smallpox, rabies, tuberculosis, and cholera. Today, vaccines continue to save millions of lives each year - including jabs that protect against deadly flu strains and can help prevent some cancers.

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Before the first use of a general anaesthetic in the mid-19th century, surgery was undertaken only as a last resort, with several patients opting for death rather than enduring the excruciating ordeal. William T. G. Morton made history in 1846 when he successfully used ether as an anaesthetic during surgery. Over the 150 years since, safer anaesthetics have been developed, allowing millions of life-saving, painless operations to take place.

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French microbiologist Louis Pasteur proved through a simple experiment that infectious disease was a result of an invasion of specific microscopic organisms - also known as pathogens - into living hosts. This new understanding marked a significant turning point in how diseases were treated, controlled and prevented, helping to prevent devastating epidemics that were responsible for thousands of deaths every year, such as the plague, dysentery and typhoid fever.

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In December 1954, the first successful kidney transplant was carried out by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume in Boston, USA. Despite many previous attempts in history, this was the first instance where the recipient of an organ transplant survived the operation. The turning point came when various technical issues were overcome, such as vascular anastomosis (the connection between two blood vessels), placement of the kidney and immune response. In 1963, the first lung transplant was carried out, followed by a pancreas/kidney in 1966, and liver and heart in 1967. Aside from saving thousands of lives in the years following, transplant procedures have also become increasingly innovative and complex, with doctors successfully completing the first hand transplant in 1998 and full-face transplant in 2010!

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A hypodermic needle with its austere appearance and a simple working principle was invented only about 150 years ago. Before that in ancient Greece and Rome, physicians used thin hollow tools to inject fluids into the body. Today, these needles are used to deliver correct drug dosage in treatment and extract body fluids with minimal pain and risk of contamination.

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Defibrillation of the heart isn’t a very recent concept, it has been known for decades, but its introduction into clinical setting was brought about by Claude Beck when he successfully defibrillated a young boy’s heart during surgery. Today, defibrillators save millions of lives from the brink of death around the world.

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Though the ideas of the artificial heart can be traced all the way back to Jean Cesar LeGallois in 1812, with multiple.  variations over time, Dr. Robert Jarvik is the first person to create a permanent artificial heart, in 1982. The artificial heart has evolved over the decades saving countless lives.

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Modern disposable catheters were invented in the 1940s by David S. Sheridan, a man who is also known as the Catheter King. Disposable catheters give these people the opportunity to live lives relatively normal lives through the process of intermittent self-catheterization.

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The incredible potential of stem cells was discovered in the late 1970s, when they were found inside human cord blood. Two specific characteristics make stem cells remarkable: they are unspecialised cells that can renew themselves through cell division even after being inactive, and under certain conditions can be used to make any type of human cell. This discovery has enormous potential and stem cell therapy has already been used to treat leukaemia and other blood disorders, as well as in bone marrow transplantation.

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Aspirin is a common drug for relieving minor aches, pains, and fevers. People also use it as an anti-inflammatory or a blood thinner and recognized by the WHO as one of the world's essential medicines.

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In 1818, British obstetrician James Blundell performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Since then, it has saved a million of lives.

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In 1867, Joseph Lister published his "Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery". This was one of the pivotal moments in medical science that would ultimately lead to cleaner operating theatres and higher survival rates of patients. He was convinced, correctly as it turned out, that cleanliness during surgery was vitally important to the efficacy of the procedure and subsequent recovery of the patient.

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In the early 1950s, American biologist James Watson and British physicist Francis Crick came up with their famous model of the DNA double helix. Franklin was an expert in a powerful technique for determining the structure of molecules, known as X-ray crystallography. When the crystallized form of a molecule such as DNA is exposed to X-rays, some of the rays are deflected by the atoms in the crystal, forming a diffraction pattern that gives clues about the molecule's structure.

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An electrocardiogram is a simple, painless test that measures your heart's electrical activity. It's also known as an ECG or EKG. Every heartbeat is triggered by an electrical signal that starts at the top of your heart and travels to the bottom. Heart problems often affect the electrical activity of your heart.

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Artificial intelligence has already produced impressive technologies that have significantly altered the healthcare landscape. Life science companies and research institutions are teaming up with pioneering technology giants such as Google, IBM and Apple to invent smarter and faster ways to diagnose, treat and prevent diseases. These innovative technologies range from diagnostic tools that can detect malignant tumors invisible to the naked eye, to cognitive computing systems that produce tailored treatment plans for cancer patients.