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GROUP 1

Demographics – Environmental health plays a significant role in public health. Living in a poor environment with lack of access to safe water, poor household sanitation and inappropriate disposal of wastes can lead to poor health outcomes. In addition, access to health services in the rural areas is more difficult due to transportation concerns and facilities in rural areas are not as advanced as that of the major cities.

Age- In 2013, 14% or 3.3 million Australians are aged 65 years and over. Moreover, 1.9% or 439,600 people are aged 85 years and more.

According to AIHW as people grow older, chronic diseases start to develop and further co-morbidities can occur, hence the demand for health services and health costs also tend to increase resulting in a bigger financial expenditure for the affected family. There is also a need in utilisation of acute, community, and residential care services which not all people can afford.

Cultural background – Residents that are born overseas and those that originate from non-English speaking countries are less likely to access health services due to language barrier. Cultural beliefs of other nationalities may also have an effect on their access to health care. Different cultures have different beliefs and views about health, causes and treatments to diseases. With this, some people resort to using alternative health medications rather than that of accessing advanced procedures and medicines (herbal atreatments).

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GROUP 4                                                                      •National recommendations for health check up’s  in Australia has been classified according to the age and conditions. For pregnancy and and new born baby- Pap test, dental check, immunisation status check, general health and blood tests, baby & child health checks, Childhood immunisations.In early 20’s-Blood pressure, Cholesterol & Glucose levels, Pap tests, Pelvic exams, Dental checks &cleaning,Skin cancer check, STI screenings, Testes exam, Healthy weight measurementsIn early 40’s-Eyechecks,  breast checks & Checks for chronic diseaseIn 50’s-Breast checks, Bone density Scan,FOBT, hearing Assessments•	BMI –Body Mass IndexBMI under 18.5-24.9 – Healthy range25.6-29.9 – over weightUnder 18.5- Under weightOver 30’s –ObeseAccording to the reports which we look at says 50.3% people BMI are in healthy range, there was only a bit  difference  among the people who didn’t know their BMI and  with people who are sure that they their BMI is  in unhealthy range.•	The Australian Absolute risk calculator combines several risk factors to calculate a risk score (expressed as a percentage), which is a person’s chance of having a CVD event such as a heart attack or stroke in the next five years.

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GROUP 4                                                                      •National recommendations for health check up’s  in Australia has been classified according to the age and conditions. For pregnancy and and new born baby- Pap test, dental check, immunisation status check, general health and blood tests, baby & child health checks, Childhood immunisations.In early 20’s-Blood pressure, Cholesterol & Glucose levels, Pap tests, Pelvic exams, Dental checks &cleaning,Skin cancer check, STI screenings, Testes exam, Healthy weight measurementsIn early 40’s-Eyechecks,  breast checks & Checks for chronic diseaseIn 50’s-Breast checks, Bone density Scan,FOBT, hearing Assessments•	BMI –Body Mass IndexBMI under 18.5-24.9 – Healthy range25.6-29.9 – over weightUnder 18.5- Under weightOver 30’s –ObeseAccording to the reports which we look at says 50.3% people BMI are in healthy range, there was only a bit  difference  among the people who didn’t know their BMI and  with people who are sure that they their BMI is  in unhealthy range.•	The Australian Absolute risk calculator combines several risk factors to calculate a risk score (expressed as a percentage), which is a person’s chance of having a CVD event such as a heart attack or stroke in the next five years.

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Different kinds of disease and condition affect women and men differently. Women had 23% higher distress scores and 30 % more likely to report chronic diseases compared to men. Men are more sensitive to financial distress . Indigenous male have the perception that  health has nothing to do with them,it is of women's and their children concern. so  because of this they are putting their family at risk.

Sex and Health
Bisexual men and women are at higher risk of developing chronic disease especially cardiovascular diseases.
Lesbians and bisexual women have higher rate of obesity and excessive drinking than heterosexual women.
living arrangements and health
people reporting the worst mental and physical health in 2006 were twice as likely to live in poor-quality or overcrowded dwelling .
Married couples living alone or with children  have low risk of developing depressive symptoms compared to single people.

Marital status and health
Marriages promote good health and longevity.
Married people are happy and healthier.
Mental health is the most prominent among married people; lower risk of depression and higher likelihood of satisfaction with life in retirement.
Begin married to more educated partner lowers the risk factors for chronic diseases like HTN, obesity, high cholesterol and CVD.
Patient with intact marriages has better survival even after the diagnosis of chronic diseases.

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Group 6 & 7.  1. According to the National Physical Guidelines for adults, 2011 - 2012, the recommended daily physical activity is, at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity however only 43% of adults met the "sufficiently active" threshold.

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Group 6 & 7.  1. According to the National Physical Guidelines for adults, 2011 - 2012, the recommended daily physical activity is, at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity however only 43% of adults met the "sufficiently active" threshold.

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2. The underweight/normal weight population were 1.4 times more likely to have done sufficient physical activity compared with the obese population.

3. The least disadvantaged quintile were 1.5 times more likely to have done sufficient physical activity compared with those in the most disadvantaged quintile.
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4364.0.55.004Chapter1002011-12

Comparing the class statistics:
1.  41.2% say no they do not exercise according to the Australian weekly guidelines, 36.6% say yes every week, 22.2% say yes most weeks.

2.  50.3% consider themselves not overweight.  22.2% yes but slightly, 19.6% yes moderately and 7.8% say yes significantly.

3. 21.6% never eat junk food, 62.1% once a week, 14.4% 2 or 3 times a week, 2% 4 or more times a week.

4. 14.4% of students eat to the daily recommended guidelines every day; 21.6% follow the recommended guidelines at least 5 times per week; 22.2% followed the guidelines 3 to 4 times per week; 11.1% followed it at least 2 or less times per week; 20.9% don't follow the guidelines at all; 7.8% followed a specific diet; and 2% were categorised in other.

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1. In Australia, in 2014-15, 14.5% were daily smokers which has decreased since 2011-12.

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1. In Australia, in 2014-15, 14.5% were daily smokers which has decreased since 2011-12.

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7.8% of the total burden of disease related to smoking was due to tobacco.
As for alcohol, 72% abstained from alcohol in 2013 while 26% had a standard drink per month. It also saw that 18.2% were at a risk and 26% of the population were involved in alcohol related incidents

2. In the Indigenous population daily smoking was still found to be prevalent in 2013-13 as it was found they were 2.6 times as likely to smoke than non-Indigenous populations.

http://www.quitnow.gov.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/Content/indigenous-communities

3. In our group, non-smokers outweighed the smokers as 93.5% were non--smokers and 6.5% were smokers with 8.5% consuming 1-10 per day and only 1 person consuming 11-20 a day

In regards to alcohol, 54.9% abstained from alcohol while 24.8% had 1 or 2 standard drinks per day with 13.1% drinking 3-4, 5.9% drinking 5-10 and 1.3% who consumed more than 10 standard drinks in a day.
According to the Australian government's department of health , 2 standard drinks per day is the recommended level fro a healthy adult which is 20g of pure alcohol.

These are modificable risk factors.

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Education & Employment Status

Education - Lower levels of education are linked to poor health. Higher education levels have higher levels of health literacy.
Higher levels of education are less likely to involve in risky behaviours.
Better education leads to better position in job market >>>>> better income, better employment conditions, lower rate of unemployment etc.

Employment status - Unemployment is related to poorer health outcomes. More control over work conditions (occupational health, health insurance schemes, leave, support) can lead to better health opportunities.

According to ABS  (2010) there is a positive correlation  between completion of Yr 12 and/or employment and low to moderate levels of psychological issues.

Some statistics from AIHW/ABS:
Unemployed people are 1.6 x more likely to use cannabis, 2.4 x likely to use amphet. and 1.8 x times to use ecstasy than employed people.
59% of ATSI people (aged 15-34)who had completed yr12 report excellent/good health compared to 49% who had left school early.

Our mock survey group:
Education level is 93.5% Completed Yr 12 and above, approx 87% of us are working (full/part time)

Health: 72.5% of us are of healthy weight. 59% of us exercise on a fairly regular basis. 69% generally eat according to guidelines. But most of us eat junk food!!

Article https://www.jstor.org/stable/2096319?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

The Links Between Education and Health

Catherine E. Ross and Chia-ling Wu

American Sociological Review

Vol. 60, No. 5 (Oct., 1995), pp. 719-745

Published by: American Sociological Association

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This padlet is for students to post up their findings in relation to the mock health survey.

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This padlet is for students to post up their findings in relation to the mock health survey.

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What do you know about determinants of health and how they affect the overall health of a population

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NUR329 S1 2016Mock  Health Survey (Responses)