# data[].attributes.headline
place quadrats systamtatically --> on  a line, bull transecting 

# data[].attributes.subject
place quadrats systamtatically --> on  a line, bull transecting 

# data[].attributes.body
line transect: only takes note of creatures that are on the line; investigation can be completed within a short time; but might not reflect the change in a big picture
belt transect: takes notes of a greater area, can obtain more info of the site; time consuming

# data[].attributes.body
Light Intensity --> light meter
soil moisture content --> weighing soil samples before and after drying
Wind speed --> use a digital anemometer. Cups on device resolve in wind, rotations per unit time are displayed.
Soil particle size --> measure them by putting the soil into a series of graduated sieves with diff. mesh sizes. clay ad slit can be measured with sedimentation.
Soil Mineral Content --> measured by loss-on-ignition (LOI) method. Weighed soil samples must be put into the oven and heated to v. high temp. for several hr so as to let the organic content of the soil burnt off. The loss in mass --> calculated once sample has reached mass that remains ( will not change) / no further change
slope--> water runoff influenced by slope and weather erosion is gna be a prob.
--> measured by using clinometer

# data[].attributes.body
Tools:
- clinometer
- thermometer
- whirling psychrometer
- wind meter
- lux meter

# data[].attributes.headline
Ecological gradients are often found where two ecosystems meet. Biotic and abiotic factors change and form gradients in which then can be recorded. All parts of the gradient needs to be sampled, so a transect is used. The simplest one is when a line of tape is layed down across the area wanted to be measured then to take samples of all the organisms touching the tape. Many transects should be taken to obtain quantitative data. A belt transect is used for bigger samples.

# data[].attributes.subject
Ecological gradients are often found where two ecosystems meet. Biotic and abiotic factors change and form gradients in which then can be recorded. All parts of the gradient needs to be sampled, so a transect is used. The simplest one is when a line of tape is layed down across the area wanted to be measured then to take samples of all the organisms touching the tape. Many transects should be taken to obtain quantitative data. A belt transect is used for bigger samples.

# data[].attributes.body
-putting a line in the direction of the gradient and record all organism in touch

# data[].attributes.body
A gradual change in one or more abiotic factors through distance, depth and time

# data[].attributes.body
same method, instruments, etc.
limitation:
- can never be measured at the same time
- biotic factors are hard to be measured

# data[].attributes.body
Abiotic factors:
-rain
-wind
-temp
-altitude
-soil
-sunlight
-pollution
-nutrients
-pH
-types of soil
-sunlight

# data[].attributes.body
Plants, insects, animals
Measuring tools: quadrat, grid quadrat

# data[].attributes.body
- Growth rate
- Soil fertility
- Physical appearance