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Artie Spiegelman is the author, narrator, one of the main characters, and Vladek Spiegelman's son. He was born after the Holocaust, and is an only child. He had a brother, but he was born before the Holocaust and never made it out. His mother committed suicide when he was around 20, and he has a history of mental illnesses. Him and his father have a strained relationship, and even though he gets frustrated with his father, he still feels guilty about not having to live through the Holocaust and experience those horrible things.

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Vladek Spiegelman is Artie's father. He grew up in Poland and gets married once to Artie's mother Anja and then a second time to Mala. He had a first son, Richieue, but he did not survive the war. He was a part of the Polish army but then got sent to a prisoners camp. Soon after he gets set free, him and his family got sent to concentration camps where they had to do hard labor and where some of them either died. Vladek and Anja both survive the war and have another son afterwards. They live in Sweden for a while before moving to America. Vladek is very brave and strong, but he is also very stingy with money and he is difficult to deal with. His wife Anja commits suicide years after the war, and even after he gets remarried, he still mourns Anja's death until he himself dies.

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Anja is Vladek's first wife and Artie's mother. She is also the mother of the deceased Richieu. Soon after having her first son, she suffers from depression and spends three months in a sanitarium with Vladek. She and her husband Vladek both survive the war, and soon after they move to the United States. A few years after moving, she commits suicidem, leaving her family very distressed and grief stricken.

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Richie is Vladek and Anja's first child born in Poland. He never survived the war. They sent him to live with a trusted family member, Tosha,  to keep him safe from the concentration camps. Unfortunately Tosha's town becomes invaded by the Nazi's and to save all the children in her care, she poisons them all, because she thought it would be better than the gas chambers.

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Mala is Vladek's second wife and she was friends with his family from before the war. Her and Vladek never get along, because she hates how we wont let go of money and Vladek thinks shes trying to steal from him. After being fed up with dealing with Vladek, she leaves him for a short period of time and moves to Florida. After Vladek gets really sick, she moves back in with him. She will never compare to Anja in Vladek's eyes.

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Francoise is Artie's wife. She is French and converted to Judaism when they got married. She doesn't play a very large role. Francoise is mainly just there so that Artie can vent to her about his father and his book. They do seem to have a strong relationship though.

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Mr. Zylerberg is Anja's father. He is a very wealthy man. He owns a hosiery factory and when his daughter and Vladek get married, he gives a factory to Vladek. When the Nazi's invade Poland, he gets sent to Aushwitz, but is not able to be saved and him and his wife die there.

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Orbach is a friend Vladek's family and during the war, he claims Vladek as his cousin so that Vladek can go back home to his family.

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Vladek's father is a very religious and harsh man. During the war, he starves his two sons so that they will be seen as unfit for the army. He thinks he is doing a good thing.. but he is also starving and sleep depriving his children. He does somewhat redeem himself when he goes to the concentration camp. He was signed up to go to the good side to do work, but then he sees his daughter and her children on the bad side and he goes to be with her. All the people on the bad side were sent to death, and he knew that, so he didn't want her to be alone.

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Tosha is Anja's sister. She lives with Anja and the whole family until things start to go bad in Poland. Then she is sent away to a "safe" place with all the children, including Vladek's. After her town is invaded by the Nazi's, she poisons herself and the children, because she thinks that will be better than going to the gas chambers.

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Mr. IIzecki is an old customer of Vladek's from before the war. They reunite during the war and conduct business together through the black market. This man offers to take Richiue and keep him safe with his child during the war, but Anja refuses. Their child ends up surviving unlike Richiue.

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Nahum Cohn is a friend and business partner of Vladek's from when they did work in the black market. Unfortunately, him and his son got caught selling goods to people without receiving coupons and they are therefor hung. The Nazi's make an example of them and hang them in the town for a week.

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Anja is released first from the concentration camps. She is terribly worried about Vladek and is unsure if he is alive or not. Even though she knows not to fully trust a fortune teller, she goes to one anyways because she is desperate. The gypsy sees all her family's deaths, and also predicts that she will be reunited with her husband and they will have another baby boy. All of this ends up becoming true. The gypsy gave Anja hope.

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Vladek's kapo was a mean Polish supervisor at the concentration camp. However, in exchange for Vladek teaching him English, he gives Vladek good food, better clothing, and work as a tinsmith.

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Mandelbaum used to own a pastry store that Vladek and Anja visited before the war. When the Nazi's invaded Poland, he got sent to Auschwitz where he met Vladek again. He has a really tough time in the concentration camp. His clothes don't fit him, he loses his one spoon, and he is treated horribly. Vladek looked out for him the best that he could, but ultimately he dies there.