# data[].attributes.body
I hope the review comments help

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Anti-social behaviour covers a wide range of unacceptable activity that causes harm to an individual, to their community or to their environment. This could be an action by someone else that leaves you feeling alarmed, harassed or distressed. It also includes fear of crime or concern for public safety, public disorder or public nuisance.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
You can get a civil injunction, Community Protection Notice ( CPN) or Criminal Behaviour Order ( CBO) as punishment for antisocial behaviour.

Civil injunctions, CPNs and CBOs replaced Antisocial Behaviour Orders ( ASBOs) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. ASBOs are still used in Scotland.

Antisocial behaviour includes:

drunken or threatening behaviour

vandalism and graffiti

playing loud music at night

A court may give you a civil injunction or a CPN if it gets reports of persistent antisocial behaviour from the police, a council or a landlord. You can only get a CBO if you've been convicted of a crime.

You can get a civil injunction or CBO if you're 10 or over and a CPN if you're 16 or over.

What you have to do

You must follow certain rules or you could get a more severe punishment.

For example, you might need to:

stay away from a particular place, like your local town centre

stop spending time with certain people

work on improving your behaviour, for example by going to a support group

fix damage you caused to someone's property

How long it lasts

The court will tell you how long you have to follow the rules.

There's no maximum amount of time a CPN can last.

How long civil injunctions and CBOs can last depends on your age.

If you're under 18:

a civil injunction can last for up to 12 months

a CBO lasts between 12 months and 3 years

There's no maximum amount of time if you're 18 or over. If you have a CBO it'll be reviewed every year and either stopped or extended.

If you don't follow the rules

The punishment for not following your civil injunction is:

a 3 month detention order if you're under 18

up to 2 years' imprisonment or unlimited fine if you're 18 or over

The punishment for not following your CPN is a fine between £100 and £2,500.

The punishment for not following your CBO is:

up to 2 years in a detention centre if you're under 18

up to 5 years in prison or an unlimited fine (or both) if you're 18 or over

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
You can get a civil injunction, Community Protection Notice ( CPN) or Criminal Behaviour Order ( CBO) as punishment for antisocial behaviour. Civil injunctions, CPNs and CBOs replaced Antisocial Behaviour Orders ( ASBOs) in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. ASBOs are still used in Scotland.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Wednesday morning, just before midday. In and around Merlin Entertainment's main London base at County Hall, staff are operating a plethora of attractions, from the London Eye to the Sea Life Centre to the London Dungeon, while workers at the Big Bus Company, in which Merlin owns a 25pc stake, are on Westminster Bridge selling tickets to passing tourists.

Inside, past a seated waxwork of Ken Livingstone marking County Hall's role as the home of London's local government for six decades until the mid-Eighties, Nick Varney is sitting in the boardroom, talking - about terrorism.

That morning marked a year since the Brussels terror attack and news of laptop bans on Middle Eastern airlines was leading most bulletins.

"It definitely does have an effect," he admits. "As I look at the bookings for this year, we're in the second year of a massive German staycation boom. All our parks are full - in Denmark, Germany and Italy - because the Germans decided to stay home because they weren't going to Tunisia, Egypt or any of their traditional locations.

"Brussels had a big impact on London in March last year because basically it was the time people were making Spring bookings. We saw a lot of language school cancellations coming into London and it just genuinely puts people a little bit on edge, even in related markets.

"I put up a chart at the preliminary results [at the start of March]," he says. "I've been in the business for 30 years, and have seen IRA terrorism, Al-Qaeda, 9/11, 7/7, and it follows an almost identical pattern.

"The attack happens in that city and you see a drop, and it can be quite marked, but within five to six months it comes back, so it's a very short-term drop. It only prolongs if there are more ongoing attacks as you've seen in Paris or Istanbul.

"If you get a big hit in a market like London, then it's difficult," he admits.

Outside, police sirens blasted past the windows, as they would on any other wet March day in the middle of London.

But little did he know that within two hours of our interview ending, far more sirens would be blaring by, as the exterior of County Hall and Westminster Bridge became the starting point for the capital's latest act of terrorism.

Although none of Merlin's attractions were directly affected, as the horror in and around Westminster unfolded, sightseers were stuck on its London Eye for some time during afternoon, while other attractions closed early.

"London is a proud and resilient city," he says when we speak later in the day, after the full scale of the attack has become clear. "We've seen that both the city and Londoners bounce back from terror attacks.

"It is one of the great capital cities of the world, a vibrant destination, and our experience shows that people will always want to visit," he goes on.

It is perhaps fortunate - not that fortunate is the right word in such circumstances - in the face of continued attacks across Europe and beyond, that Varney's strategy has been one of diversification - both geographically and by type of attraction. It is a path he has adopted since engineering the management buyout of the Sea Life Centres and Dungeons business from the long- forgotten leisure conglomerate Vardon in 1999.

"In five years' time, London won't be that big within Merlin," he vows.

It is for that reason that tomorrow he will fly east, first to Hong Kong, and then to the Japanese city of Nagoya for the opening of his next big bet.

Merlin is investing £110m of its own money in its eighth Legoland, which is due to open to the public on Friday, as well as on a new hotel and SeaLife Centre next door. The new 9.3m hectare park, an operating company/property company structure part-funded by Lego's owner Kirkbi, the holding company of the Kirk Kristiansen family - which also owns 29.9pc of Merlin's shares - is important for Varney.

"Japan is a market of 127m - all pretty wealthy consumers - and is the second-biggest theme park market, and actually the biggest per head of visits, in the world," he smiles.

"For Lego, it's the second- biggest toy market in the world after the US. From Kirkbi's perspective, a Legoland is the single-biggest thing that will grow brand awareness. It's what happened in Malaysia after we opened there."

Although Disney and Universal both have sizeable theme parks in Tokyo and Osaka respectively, he seems relatively confident the investment will pay off. "We're not in the scale of spending $5bn (£4bn) as Disney just did in Shanghai. Your average Legoland is comparatively cheap at around $300m. It's nice as Legoland stands in stature with those guys but is cheaper as it's aimed at young kids."

The Nagoya park, which has been five years in the planning, comes after one recently opened in Dubai, and will be followed by parks in Korea and, if planning is approved, just north of New York as well as Beijing and Shanghai.

"Beyond that we see enough Legoland opportunities to keep us going well into the 2030s," he says.

If the roll-out is so successful, why would Kirkbi not just try to buy Merlin?

"I don't think they want to," says Varney, emphasising that he is not best placed to answer for them.

"I think what they would say is that the current arrangement is one that they like as they found to their own cost that they're not theme park operators.

"The model whereby they keep a specialist equity investment in a company that is...well they've seen the benefits from it. They've had record royalties ever since, and we've launched Legoland discovery centres [smaller, indoor versions of the parks] which we've opened 17 of around the world."

"We have an aspiration of 50pc of our theme park visitors staying overnight or in partner accommodation nearby. Some of our bigger theme parks are already there, and as a company, we're in the mid-30s, so it's a real strategy not an aspiration."

For Varney, who has run the company for the best part of the last two decades, it was clearly a personal and professional blow.

"It was a very shattering event in a company that had come from small beginnings to become a confident, proud business. We prided ourselves on fun, safe, memorable experiences.

"It rocks the very core of your existence," he says of the accident. "I don't think we'll ever forget it within Merlin, and nor should we.

"Obviously we've gone back over everything as what we had was one horrible gap in our systems...which we can't ever allow to happen again."

"I've tried to lead a company that I've invested a lot of personal emotion in through what was the most difficult time and I try to lead it with our priority focus being on the people we let down."

As he talks, that focus on people, his staff, his customers, even investors, is one that shines through. Under Varney - who during our hour together says the company is "in his blood" -Merlin, despite the external pressures it is facing, seems in safe hands.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Terrorism definitely does have an effect, but London will bounce back from terror attack, says London Eye chief

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Street art is hard to avoid, even if you want to. It creeps along alleyways, blooms across fences, flourishes on flyovers and in underpasses. It's an age when you can awake in the morning to find your house value increased overnight with the emergence of a Banksy on your wall - or even something a bit like a Banksy on your wall.

Public perception appears to have changed.

People used to scrub the art away, but nowadays the first reaction seems to be "is it worth money?"

Street artist Neil Morris agrees this is the case with some, but "these are the people who never have and never will appreciate the work.
For more street art stories follow us on Pinterest
"These people are middle-aged, middle-manager types that think the art is offensive to others without actually asking anyone. And it's money that has changed perception. Money changes everything."

Fellow artist Jadryk Brown argues that the high prices street art can fetch means "rich people don't find it scary any more. Nothing's scary if money could be involved".

The internet has also been an influence, according to Richard Clay, professor of digital humanities at Newcastle University.

"These images can, and sometimes do, go viral. For example, the painting and then defacement of a mural of Putin kissing Trump in Lithuania.

"In some cases a photo of a piece of street art online can simply be picked up and adopted in another place. For example, during the Arab Spring, images of Assad with a Hitler moustache appeared online and could soon be seen in Cairo, Beirut and Gaza.

"The ready availability of examples of street art from across the globe informs the practice of artists and the views of their audiences."

He speculates that "the authenticity, the site specificity and the (usually) one-off nature of street art" might "serve as an antidote to the super-abundance of online images and to streets that are often cluttered with mass-produced commercial imagery".

A study from the University of Warwick indicates that street art in London is generally now associated with improving economic conditions of urban neighbourhoods.

It's partly down to a "loop effect". Arty areas - such as Brixton - attract more cafes and restaurants that in turn attract the art-loving crowd to move in.

Areas outside London can also see graffiti affecting property prices - in both directions.

Prof Clay says it can polarise opinion: "To most people street art is either an indicator of an area that is vibrant or of one that is run-down and in need of better policing.

"It very much depends on individuals' broader opinions about acceptable behaviours in public space, but it seems clear to me that more and more people regard street art as a positive phenomenon.

"Hence, it appears to be being more widely tolerated by public authorities."

Drawing on walls in public places isn't a new phenomenon. From the prehistoric cave paintings of Burgundy in France, through gladiatorial fan worship in Roman Lyons to the messages left on the walls of Germany's Reichstag in 1945 by triumphant Soviet troops, people are determined to leave a record of their existence and experience.

Nor is it an activity associated with one particular socioeconomic group, says Prof Clay.

"Historically it isn't the case. For example, in Rome you can see graffiti left over centuries by aristocratic visitors to the Eternal City.

"There is a tendency nowadays to see modern graffiti as being a working class, inner-city phenomenon. While that has been and remains the case in some cities and with some graffiti writers and crews, it often isn't the case.

"The creative urge to leave one's mark in public space crosses the boundaries of class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity and religion. It always has and it always will."

Artist Scotty Brave points out there has always been graffiti that was thought-provoking, political and clever.

"Modern times have seen graffiti become many different things. Vandalism, art, politics, subcultural visual communication, cryptic language, esoteric social commentary, street art. Even a visual form of humour.

"So when you talk about graffiti, you are talking about all these things. All these things are different, their practitioners are different. Their motives are different, their methods, reasons, approach and application are all different veins of the rebellious act of graffiti.

"Has it lost its power? Of course not, no way, how can it? What power did it ever have?

"The power is in the perception, it's generated by the observer. It can lose power if it allows itself to be generalised, to be boxed, to be spoken of as if it's understood, contained, conquered by those who attempt to categorise, water down and generalise it.

"So be very careful what you say or what you write about it."

So is there "good" graffiti and bad? Prof Clay says "good graffiti doesn't have to be aesthetically sophisticated".

"My favourite recent example is visible on a motorway bridge heading north up the M6. In messy, white, blocky paint it reads 'Pies this is your time'. Like many Lancastrians, I love pies and it made me smile and think of home. It took me a long time to realise that The Pies are actually a band."

Scotty Brave insists graffiti "has always been art. Even if it's arguably so. I've seen a slashed canvas and a urinal in an art gallery.

"Why not a crude penis scribbled on a police station's window, or a spray-painted name on a train's door? It's all art."

But some residents in Marlborough, Wiltshire, contacted the BBC to complain about some street art that appeared on a junction box in the town.

Kate Tudor says: "Graffiti is vandalism. I still have to pay to have it removed. Why do you assume everyone has a right to express their stuff by painting on public walls? Why would the rest of us be interested in the thoughts of one special snowflake?"

And fellow townsperson Josh Hartshorn argues: "Art is something you choose to see and pay for in your house and graffiti gives you no choice and you have to pay to not look at it."

Some local authorities have been keen on promoting street art - in 2012 Bristol City Council supported an "urban paint festival" featuring graffiti, while also clamping down on tagging.

Now in its eighth year, the organisers of Upfest say it is "Europe's largest free, live street and urban art festival".

Callington in Cornwall has murals throughout the town, which are promoted by the town council as a trail for tourists.

But other local authorities don't always see the merit of street art - a council that destroyed a mural by Banksy in Clacton-on-Sea was branded "moronic", "useless" and "cretinous" by members of the public after painting over a stencil showing a group of pigeons holding anti-immigration banners towards an exotic-looking bird.

If street art can be used as a form of protest or social commentary, it can also be used as a celebration.

Six murals were commissioned to mark Leicester City's unlikely Premier League title triumph.

Each design captures a different aspect of the Foxes' remarkable win.

There's a fine line, though, between appreciating street art and taming it. It's becoming more common for images to protected in situ with thick pieces of Perspex, or even jimmied off walls and reconstructed in galleries, such as the Banksy work removed from a car park in Liverpool.

Sam Fishwick, a graffiti artist from Liverpool, dismissed the idea of a street art gallery.

"It's not street art any more if it's hung up in a museum.

"It's raw, it's gritty, it's on the street, it's not meant to be there. When you go and see it in a gallery it loses its charm, it loses its character."

Artist John Doh agrees: "When a piece is taken from the street and put inside a museum or gallery it can be a real killer. Often the placement is just as important as the piece."

Scotty Brave says articles attempting to answer questions about street art "are futile".

"The difference is in the painter - whether it's the artist, the activist, the writer, the vandal, the illustrator. People's perception is changed by how it is communicated. It's a visual language, with many tongues, many accents and forms.

"Articles written by people who attempt to group all the genres of graffiti together as something that can be talked about as one thing are futile. It's not one thing, it's many. It cannot be boxed or labelled so easily."

So perhaps the only thing street art tells us about a place - is that it can tell us nothing.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Street art: Crime, grime or sublime? - BBC News

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Has public perception of street art changed?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the aftermath of the attack at the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, here is what we know

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Four out of 10 teachers have experienced violence from pupils in the past year, a survey for the ATL teachers union suggests.

Of those who had experienced violence, 77% said they had been pushed, and around half were kicked or had an object thrown at them.

Nine out of 10 staff had dealt with challenging behaviour, such as swearing or shouting, in the past year.

Staff have greater powers to deal with poor behaviour, the government said.

However, 45% of the 1,250-strong panel of teachers surveyed across England, Wales and Northern Ireland said they felt pupil behaviour had got worse in the past two years. Teachers in Scotland were not included in the survey.

Mental health

One special needs worker at a Bedfordshire primary school said she had been stabbed in the head with a pencil, while a teacher at a Suffolk secondary academy said she had been "sprayed in the face with deodorant".

In a third case, a support worker at a secondary school in Cheshire said a chair had been thrown that hit her leg.

A teaching assistant at a Rochdale primary school claimed: "Staff are regularly verbally abused with very little consequences. Occasionally pupils physically attack members of staff, but this rarely leads to a day's exclusion."

Teachers in the survey put the cause of violence down to a number of things.

A lack of boundaries at home was singled out as the top reason for challenging, disruptive or violent behaviour.

Some 78% pointed to emotional and behavioural problems as the cause, while nearly half said it was down to pupils' mental health issues.

Violent times?

Analysis by Hannah Richardson

The survey responses paint a worrying picture of what is going on in our classrooms: teachers being pushed, shoved, hit, spat at and even having furniture thrown at them

It is important to remember the survey is in no way saying this is a daily occurrence in most schools.

Four out of 10 teachers surveyed had experienced at least one incident in the past year, while nearly all had witnessed violence some time their career.

ATL general secretary Mary Bousted says the vast majority of pupils are well-behaved and a pleasure to teach.

But what the survey does reveal is that poor behaviour is often the result of deep-seated issues such as unsupported mental health problems or poor parenting.

And the responsibility for dealing with these problems goes far beyond the school gates, let alone the classroom.

'Unacceptable'

And nearly two-thirds of teachers felt pupils were under more stress than two years ago.

General secretary of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers, Dr Mary Bousted, said having to cope with challenging or disruptive behaviour is unfortunately par for the course for education staff.

"It is shocking that more than four in 10 (43%) education professionals have had to deal with physical violence from a pupil in the last year," she said.

"No member of staff should be subjected to aggressive behaviour, in any form, while doing their job.

"A lack of funds for social services and child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) means pupils are at risk and, all too often, school staff are being left to plug the gaps in social care as best they can.

"Many schools do excellent work day in, day out to help pupils stay on track and to keep schools a safe place for pupils and staff.

"But schools need support from social and health services and parents to deal with the complex issues many pupils face due to chaotic home lives or mental health issues."

There have been numerous warnings about the pressures on schools resulting from a lack of mental health services in some areas.

A spokesman for the Department for Education said: "Teachers and school staff have a right to feel safe while doing their jobs and violence towards them is completely unacceptable.

"We have taken decisive action to put teachers back in charge of the classroom by giving them the powers they need to tackle poor behaviour and discipline.

"We have scrapped 'no touch' rules that stopped teachers removing disruptive pupils from classrooms and ensured schools' decisions on exclusions can no longer be overruled."

Labour's shadow minister for schools Nic Dakin said: " There is a teacher shortage crisis in this country with the highest number of teachers quitting the profession since records began and the government is regularly missing their targets on teacher recruitment. Incidents like this will not get more people into teaching.

"Ministers need to get their act together and bear down on poor behaviour, which is affecting teacher recruitment and retention and threatening standards in the classroom."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Four in 10 teachers 'attacked by pupils'

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Four out of 10 teachers have experienced violence from pupils in the past year, a survey for the ATL teachers union suggests. Of those who had experienced violence, 77% said they had been pushed, and around half were kicked or had an object thrown at them.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Of 23,000 Asbos handed to disrespectful yobs and nuisance neighbours since 1999, a staggering 58 per cent were breached, Home Office statistics showed.

Yet only half of the louts who flouted their orders went to jail as a result, leaving the others free to continue terrorising their neighbourhoods.

Asbos have been available since 1999 and can be issued by courts to anyone aged 10 or over for anti-social behaviour such as drunkenness and causing harassment.

The orders last at least two years and, among other restrictions, can prevent subjects entering specific places and meeting known troublemakers.

In one of the most notorious cases of recent years, 64-year-old David Askew collapsed and died in his garden in Hattersley, Greater Manchester, while confronting three youths, two of whom had Asbos, who were vandalising his house.

It followed 10 years of relentless baiting from yobs as young as eight, who broke his windows and threw eggs and bricks at the home he shared with his disabled mother, despite legal orders to curb their behaviour.

Tory MP Philip Hollobone said yesterday: "The Asbo system will only ever work if there are serious consequences for offenders who breach them.

"It has been said that some louts see Asbos as a badge of honour. If that is the case the system is not doing what it should be, which is protecting the public. They should be a badge of shame."

Shadow Home Office Minister Steve Reed said: "At a time when people across the country want tougher action against anti-social behaviour the Tory-led Government is going soft on crime.

"Law-abiding people will be outraged to see the Government more concerned about not criminalising persistent offenders than about taking the tough action that can stop them in their tracks."

Home Office figures published yesterday showed that last year courts handed out 1,329 of the orders - down from a high of more than 4,000 issued in 2005.

Of the 23,078 Asbos issued since April 1999, 13,295 were breached at least once, with just under 10,000 of them broken more than once.

The average number of breaches was five.

Yet only 7,043 of the yobs who broke their orders were put behind bars as a result.

One in four Asbo breakers was given only a "slap on the wrist" community sentence.

The orders are set to be replaced with a wider ranging "Injunction to Prevent Nuisance and Annoyance" measure in the Government's forthcoming Anti-social Behaviour Bill.

Last night, Crime Prevention Minister Norman Baker said: "These figures are further proof of why we need to replace this broken system. Asbos simply do not work.

"Victims have told us what they want. They want anti-social behaviour to stop and for it not to happen again.

"Our new powers will give the police, councils and courts a faster and more effective way of addressing problems before they can escalate."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Proof that Asbos are failing to protect us

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Of 23,000 Asbos handed to disrespectful yobs and nuisance neighbours since 1999, a staggering 58 per cent were breached, Home Office statistics showed. Yet only half of the louts who flouted their orders went to jail as a result, leaving the others free to continue terrorising their neighbourhoods.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The second most common issue was gangs hanging around in the street, which 11 per cent agreed was a problem.

The new set of figures came from an extensive poll, previously known as the British Crime Survey, which asked 46,000 people aged over 16 about their experience of crime and anti-social behaviour.

Compared with the 81 per cent who said anti-social behaviour had gone up nationally, only 37 per cent said it had increased in their local area and nine per cent reported a fall, with the rest reporting no change.

Across England and Wales, 15 per cent of people said they suffered a high level of anti-social behaviour in 2011/12. It was the highest proportion since 2008/09 when the figure was 17 per cent, but the ONS said the change was not statistically significant.

Max Chambers, of the think-tank Policy Exchange, said: "The fact that such a significant majority of the public think anti-social behaviour is getting worse nationally may be of concern to ministers, especially at a time when overall crime is actually falling at record rates.

"If people don't believe things are getting better, the Government will struggle to take the credit for successfully cutting crime even while cutting budgets."

He added: "It's the job of the new police and crime commissioners to ensure that the police really get to grips with what is clearly still a serious and widespread problem.

"We've got to make it easier for the public to report crime and express concerns about teenagers drinking in the street or threatening our neighbours.

"This means protecting the visibility and availability of uniformed police officers which is a major challenge at a time of squeezed budgets."

The survey also found 12 per cent of business premises had also been affected by at least one incident of anti-social behaviour in the previous 12 months.

One of the Home Office's key projects to combat anti-social behaviour is the "community trigger" scheme which will force the police and councils to take action if a number of people complain about a problem.

A Home Office spokesman said: "Anti-social behaviour affects thousands of people every day and victims can often feel powerless. That is why we are turning the current system on its head, empowering people to come forward and the police to respond quickly and effectively.

"Where anti-social behaviour is linked to issues such as alcohol or drugs, our reforms will allow professionals to address the root causes, helping prevent recurrent problems.

"For victims who feel reports of persistent anti-social behaviour are not being taken seriously, the new community trigger will allow them to force action."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Anti-social behaviour growing, says official survey

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The second most common issue was gangs hanging around in the street, which 11 per cent agreed was a problem. The new set of figures came from an extensive poll, previously known as the British Crime Survey, which asked 46,000 people aged over 16 about their experience of crime and anti-social behaviour.

# data[].attributes.headline
(parent and family factors influences on teenagers) Evaluation 

# data[].attributes.subject
(parent and family factors influences on teenagers) Evaluation 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
SchoolBeat: What Are the Effects of ASB?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
schoolbeat.org - The All-Wales School Liaison Programme