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1. FORMAL COMMUNICATION

Downward Communication :

The flow of information from the top level or from the superiors to lower level or

subordinates is known as downward communication. In this communication the

manager passes instructions to his subordinates and the success of downward

communication depends upon communication skill of the managers.

Upward Communication :

When the subordinates inform or pass any information to superiors then it is known as upward communication. This communication flows from subordinates to superiors. Upward communication generally consists of work performance, opinion, grievances or problems of the employees.

Horizontal Communication :

Horizontal communication is the communication between the two or more persons working at the same level of authority. Generally different departmental heads discuss the policy of their department with each other. That will be considered as the horizontal communication. Discussion between two managers of same rank is also a horizontal communication. For example, the marketing manager may discuss from time to time the quality and packing of product with the production manager.

Diagonal Communications :

Diagonal communication is a flow of information between the persons working in different departments and holding different levels of authority. For example, the salesman may request the production manager to modify the product design according to the requirement of the customer. The diagonal communication prevents delay in flow of information and helps in taking fast decisions as subordinates of one department can directly communicate with the managers of other department.

2. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION

Gossip :

Under gossip pattern one person tells many which means information is with one member of organization and he shares the information with many other people in his social group.

Clusters :

Under this pattern or method the information is shared between two persons who trust each other, then one of the persons from that group passes the information to members of other group and one person from other group may pass it to another and so on. So, under cluster method one person tells the information to select other persons.

Single Strand :

In single strand pattern each individual communicates to the other in sequence.

Probability :

In probability network the individual communicates randomly with other individuals.

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1. SEMANTIC BARRIERS

>Symbols or Words with Different Meanings

>Technical Jargon

>Body Language and Gesture Decoding

2. PSYCHOLOGICAL OR EMOTIONAL BARRIERS

>Premature Evaluation
>Lack of Attention
>Loss by Transmission and Poor Retention

3. ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS

>Organizational Policies

>Rules and Regulations

>Status

>Complexity in Organizational Structure

>Organizational Facilities

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by : Norhusnina Bt Bakarin and Norafiqaadilina Bt Roslan

Act as basis of Coordination and Cooperation :

Generally the organizational objectives are set up at planning stage and these objectives have to be communicated to management at all levels. That is why through communicationonly the objectives and goals of the organization are made clear to everyemployee. While setting up the personal targets and objectives of employees the managers must get the accurate information which reaches manager through communication only. Through communication the top level management is able to interact with lower level management and all the employees. This interaction helps in getting the commitment and co-operation and coordination of people.

Act as basis for Decision Making :

For taking any major decision or solving any problem in the organization there is a
through communication only. Whenever the managers are taking decisions theyneed to get the most accurate information and information moves in organizationkeep in mind the ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ or positive or negative aspects. The accurate information regarding the positive and negative aspect comes only through communication

Increase managerial efficiency :

Every individual in the organization is assigned a job or task. He is made responsible for someof task, responsibility and authority is possible only when the information activities. He is granted authority to carry on those responsibilities. This classification reaches accurately to the employees. The employees must know clearly who has to report to whom, what part of total job they are expected to perform and what are their decision making powers. The clarity about these questions comes only with smooth flow of communication.

Establish effective leadership :

If there is two way information flows between the superiors and subordinates then there will be

definitely positive reaction of employees. Generally rules are framed by the top level authority but these are applied on all the employees in the organization. So it is always advisable to interact clearly with all the levels of employees before framing the rigid rules and regulations. The rules are more effective

when they are formed with the interaction of employees.

Helps in Process of Motivation and Morale Development :

Motivation is a psychological process of developing willingness to work. In the motivation process the superiors try to analyze the needs of subordinates and the needs can be

recognized only when there is smooth flow of information and exchange of views

between the superiors and subordinates.

Helps in Smooth Working of an Enterprise :

All interactions in organization depend upon communication. Smooth working of an enterprise is

possible only when there is no communication gap. Right from establishing of enterprise till its survival communication is essential.

Promotes Cooperation and Peace :

Through two way communication process managers try to develop mutual understanding between management and workers. Through smooth flow of communication subordinates and

superior can discuss their problems, grievances and aspirations. Cooperation brings peace in the organization.

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How the Communication Process Works | Episode 20

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human communication is a interpersonal-- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/ . Make your own animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video.

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by : Susinta Bt Tahir and Yuli Anna Binti

The communication process begins when sender thinks of an idea or message to be conveyed to other person. Then the sender encodes the message, i.e., plans out the words or the language in which the message must be sent to the other party. After encoding the message the sender transmits or transfers the message by using different ways and means. After transmission the message reaches to receiver.

The receiver decodes the message to understand the message and give his response or feedback to the sender. When the feedback reaches back to sender then only the communication process ends which means the communication is a circular process which starts with sender and ends with sender.

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by : Nur Hana Wahida Bt Mohd Zulkifli

Bartol (1998) : Changing information  (message)  between human to deliver the same meaning of communication. In communication process, someone who received the information should received the same meanings in the same manner as plan by the sender information.

S. Bernard Rosenblatt : Communication is exchange the ideas, opinion, information and relationship that have certain goals and should be presented in personal or non-personal trough symbols or signal to achieve organization goals.

Emery, Ault and Agul : Communication considered as an art to distribute information, idea and attitude from individual to other individual.

General meaning of communication is   : Communication can be defined as transmission or exchange of ideas, views, message, information or instructions between two or more persons by different means. Communications skills known as ability and skills of message senders to deliver  an effective message.

Definition communication in organization : A process by which activities of a society are collected and coordinated to reach the goals of both individuals and the collective group. It is a subfield of general communication studies and is often a component to effective management in a workplace environment. Every manager and employee should have a good communication each other because good communication is also can bring the organization be success.

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by : Sherrylyn Martin and Raja Nurul Syukira Bt Yusof

Planning is a process where its focused on the vision, mission, and objective also create the actions taken to reach the objective.

P lanning also is a process where by manager make the decision t o accomplish the objective and pick a right choice in action including all level in a organization

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by : Nor Azizah Bt Mohd Yassin and Norfahana Bt Halidin

Break-even Analysis

Break-even analysis is a method of determining the level of output or sales where the total cost is equal to the total proceeds of the sale, i.e. there is no advantage or disadvantage faced. This production point known as the breakeven point.

The formula is :-
Total fixed costs
Break-even point = __________________
Contribution Margin
(Selling price -Variable Costs)

Ganttchart

Gantt chart shows a comparison of the level of scheduled work with actual progress achieved. It has a time axis (horizontal axis) and the axis of the scheduled activity (vertical axis). This
chart is suitable for small projects that have a sequence of lines.

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A short video explaining the concept of a Gantt Chart for KS3 Marketing Project in ICT.

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by : Susinta Bt Tahir and Yuli Anna Binti

DEFINE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The goal set can include goals and objectives in long term and short term.Set goals should be clear, realistic,can survey and can be achieved in either the short term or in the long term.

ANALYZE THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Typically,the Manager will use the SWOT analysis in analyzing the business environment.

F ORMING AN ALTERNATIVEACTION

Managers are required to generate as many alternative actions that may exist and can help organizations make the result smore accurate.

EVALUATE ALTERNATIVES

Managers must evaluate alternative actions that have been identified to assess the level of each alternative
to achieve the vision, mission,and objectives that have been set by management in the organization

CHOOSE THE BEST ALTERNATIVE ACTION

Based on the assessment of alternative actions that have been identified, the Manager must select the best action alternatives that can help organizations to achieve the goals and objectives that have been set.

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by : Norhusnina Bt Bakarin and Norafiqaadilina Bt Roslan

There are 3 type of Planning in Management :-

Strategic

Strategic are designed with the entire organization in mind and begin with an organization's mission. Top-level managers, such as CEOs or presidents, will design and execute strategic plans to paint a picture of the desired future and long-term goals of the organization. Essentially, strategic plans look ahead to where the organization wants to be in three, five, even ten years. Strategic plans, provided by top-level managers, serve as the framework for lower-level planning.

Tactical

Tactical planning support strategic plans by translating them into specific plans relevant to a distinct area of the organization. Tactical plans are concerned with the responsibility and functionality of lower-level departments to fulfill their parts of the strategic plan.

Operation

Operation planning sit at the bottom of the level; they are the plans that are made by frontline, or low-level, managers. All operational plans are focused on the specific procedures and processes that occur within the lowest levels of the organization. Managers must plan the routine tasks of the department using a high level of detail.

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by : Nur Hana Wahida Bt Mohd Zulkifli

It give an objective. Give a clearer objective to improve all task.

To coordinate and manage the resources.

To understand the business environment.

To measure the performance

As a tools of control

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by : Qhairul Amar Bin Abd Aziz

Management is the attainment of organizational goals in and effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources.

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Learn how to manage people and be a better leader

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1. PLANNING IN MANAGEMENT

2. COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT