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1- Uncertainity whether these effects will translate to actual eating behaviour.
2- Low ecological validity as completing a questionaire may not involve the same processes as choosing to eat or not eat specific food.
3- The study was conducted in a short-space of time and the participants were not followed up.
4- There isn't any exact way to know the long lasting impact of the false memories as participants filled the questionaires right after the false memories was implanted.
5- Sample of the study introduces participant variable which reduces the validity of the research.
6- Students might react differently to the false information and be more impressionable than an adult or child.

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1- Standardized environment as it was a laboratory experiment and each participant was given the same questionaire.
2- Each questionaire was standardized and distractor questionaire was used to reduce demand characteristics.
3- The study has more internal validity.
4- Use of questionaires operationalized the DV.
5- Questionaires allow researchers to collect quantitative data.

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- Participants can be given positive false beliefs and these beliefs have consequences on behaviours and attitudes towards food.
- Participants who believed the false feedback were more likely than those in the control group to rate a photograph of asparagus as more appetising and less disgusting.
- The photograph measure provides a step towards understanding the cognitive mechanisms associated with false memories as the false memory primed the participants to process the images of asparagus more positively.
- The positive response is interpreted as familiarity and the participants misattribute it to a childhood experience.
- Across the two experiments it was seen that the participants could have false beliefs implanted and that this belief had consequences on their attitudes and even memories.

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- 40 participants in the 'love' condition met the criteria to be labelled believers.
- On the RQ, neither the believers nor the control group reported an increased desire to eat the critical asparagus item after two weeks.
- On the FPQ, believers reported a significantly greater desire to eat asparagus compared to the control group.
- On the photograph ratings, believers rated the asparagus photo as more appetising than those in the control group (5.10 vs 4.00), and as less disgusting (1.81 vs 3.24).

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FOOD HISTORY INVENTORY
- Same result as the Experiment 1.

MEMORY & BELIEF
- Those who were told that they loved asparagus had a greater chance of generating a false memory or belief to substantiate this false memory.
- This was not a statistically significant difference.

- LOVE(40) : M - 28%(11), B - 28%(11), M or B- 45%(18), NTC- 45%(18)

- CONTROL(32) : M - 6%(2), B- 38%(12) , M or B-39%(14), NTC - 56%(18)

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- A slideshow of 20 colour photographs of common foods were displayed for 30 seconds each to all participants.
- They were asked 4 questions about each slide.
- On a scale of 1 ( not at all) to 8 (very much).
- They finally completed the RQ, FPQ and the FHI for the second time, and the same MBQ.
- At the end they were fully debriefed.

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- Participants in the 'love' condition were given a profile with the critical item that 'you loved asparagus the first time you ate it'.
- After reading they completed an elaboration excercise in which they were required to give details about their memory of eating asparagus, or if they had no memory of it, what might have happened.
- The control were told nothing about asparagus and did not complete the elaboration excercise.
- All participants were then asked: what is the most important childhood, food related event in your life that your food profile did not report?

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-Participants arrived at the laboratory and were told that they were going to complete several questionaires to generate a personal profile of eating experience based on their responses.
- All participants first completed the FHI, the RQ and the FPQ.
- They also completed two distractor questionaires : a personality measure and a social desirability scale.
- 1 week later participants were called back and randomly allocated to the 'love' asparagus and control condition.
- They were told their responses were processed by a computer which had generated a profile of their expected early childhood experiences with food.

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- 103 UG students from the University of Washington who received course credit for their time.

- 64 females and 39 males with a mean age of 19.9 years.

- Participants were randomly assigned to either the 'love'(58) or the control group (45).

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INDEPENDENT GROUP DESIGN

IV- Whether the participants had the false belief, 'you loved asparagus', embedded.

DV- It was measured through the use of the 4 questionaires and the participants's feedback to  a slideshow of 20 pictures of common foods.

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- To examine the possible underlying mechanisms of the false memory consequence effect by exploring if, after the false love of asparagus manipulation, the very sight of asparagus was more appealing to participants.
- To replicate and extend the results of the first experiment to check the reliability of the findings.

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- Participants can be led to develop positively framed false belief.
- The false belief can have consequences on behaviour and food preferences.
- Participants in the 'love' condition increased their ratings of their love of asparagus.
- Beliefs had further impacts on how much they would be willing  to spend on asparagus.
- Greater intention to eat asparagus in the future and a greater preference for it.

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TO ASSES THE CONSEQUENCES OF FALSE BELIEF..

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TO ASSES THE CONSEQUENCES OF FALSE BELIEF..

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Believers were compared with the participants in the control group.

Results :
- RQ : believers reported more desire to eat the critical asparagus item than those in the control group.
- FPQ : believers mean was 6.14 which was significantly more than the control group mean 3.84 for liking of asparagus.
- FCQ : believers were willing to pay significantly more for asparagus than in the control group.
- 14 participants in the control group stated they never would buy asparagus.
- None of the believers selected the never buy response.

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To be classified as a believer :
- given a low rating on FHI when initially asked if they loved asparagus (week one).
- increased their rating on FHI when asked if they loved asparagus on week two.
- given positive 'memory, or 'belief' response on the MBQ.
RESULTS
- 48% (22) of participants in the 'love' condition met the criteria to be labelled believers.
- Ratings of 22 participants increased from 4.5 points from week one to week two on their FHI item.
- 10/22 participants claimed to have an asparagus ' memory' and 12 claimed a 'belief' on the MBQ.
- Non- believers increased an average of just 0.9 points.

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The memory or belief about their 'love for asparagus' the first time they tired it for the love condition and control condition was not statistically different.

- LOVE(46) :
M - 22%(10),
B - 35%(16),
M/B - 57%(26) and
NTC - 43%(20)

CONTROL (51) :
M - 12% (6)
B - 27%(14)
M/B - 39%(20)
NTC - 61% (31)

- The results suggested that those participants who were told they loved asparagus when they first tried it had a greater chance of generating a false memory or belief to substantiate this false memory.

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- Following the flase feedback the responses in the ' love condition' rose by 2.6 points.
- The responses in the control condition increased by only 0.2 points.
- There was statistical difference betwen the conditions.
- Love (n=46) : 1st week - 1.5, 2nd week - 4.1
- Control (n=45) : 1st week - 1.5 , 2nd week - 1.7
- 31 participants were excluded as they initially believed they loved asparagus or scored greater than 5 on FHI.
- 97 participants were included in the analysis.

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- The critical item 'you love to eat cooked asparagus' was embedded in the 3rd position of the profile for the 'love condition'.
- Participants were then asked questions about this fake profile to ensure they processed the feeback.
- After the Q&A session participants completed the FHI and the RQ again to measure any changes in responses from before the implanting of the flase belief.
- They also completed three further questionaires: FPQ, FCQ and MBQ.
- At the end they were debriefed completely.

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- Participants arrived in groups of 8.
- They were told that they were going to take part in a study of " food preferences and personality ".
- Week one: first session, all participants were treated identically.
- They completed the FHI and RQ questionaire.
- FP, FC and MB questionaire was completed later.
- These other questionaire included a personality measure, a social desirability scale and an eating habit questionaire.
- 1 week later - participants were randomly allocated to the ' love asparagus' condition or the control group.
- They were told based on their answers from the 1st week a profile about their early childhood experiences with food has been generated.

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- INDEPENDENT GROUP DESIGN
- 2 CONDITIONS : Experimental : false belief (love asparagus)  and control : no false belief.

- 128 UG participants at the University of California.
- Received course credit.
- 99 females and 29 males with a mean age of 20.8 years.
- Randomly assigned to Experimental condition (63) and control condition ( 65).

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-LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
- Tested in a groups of upto eight people.

IV - Whether a participant had the false belief that they enjoyed asparagus as a child.

DV- It was measured through the use of five questionaires
(FHI, RQ, FPQ, FCQ & MBQ).

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To investigate whether giving false feedback would generate a false belief or memory  of eating and enjoying a vegetable.( asparagus)

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Could false memory actually change your preference for a food?

- They investigated the impact that implanting positive false beliefs & memories in people about their liking of eating asparagus as a child would have on their food preference later in life.
- They wanted to implant memories of loving asparagus.
- Also wanted to investigate if these false memories would lead to positive consequences for their participants.

- It consisted of 2 experiments :
- 1st - Could false feedback about liking of a food lead to false memories and change in eating behaviour.
- 2nd - To examine the underlying cognitive mechanism of the false memory consequence effect.