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In 1830, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Indian Removal Act that authorized the president of the United States, Andrew Jackson, to exchange land west of the Mississippi River for Indian land in the east. This involved the removal of Indian tribes from their native lands.

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"The Battle of Little Bighorn" (June 25th, 1876)
Gral. George Armstrong Custer leaded 600 men along the Little Bighorn Valley
3,000 Sioux + Cheyenne warriors

Besides the Indian victory, the US government still forced the Sioux to sell the Black Hills to the US and leave the territory.

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-Great Planes
-Algonquian language
-2 tribes: Sotaeo'o & Tritsistas
-Cheyenne: "little cree"
- Lodges on Cheyenne River > Montana / Oklahoma > Dakota / Colorado / Wyoming
- At first, peaceful with settlers; the started being hostile because they were being attacked

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-Aloquian language
-"Inuna-Ina" = "our people"
- Roots in Minnesota, Eastern Woodlands > Northern (Platte River) & Southern (Arkansas River) groups
-vs Shoshone, Ute and Pawnee
-South Arapaho -> Oklahoma reservation, with Cheyenne
-North Arapaho -> Wyomming reservation, with Shoshone

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Manifest Destiny, a phrase coined in 1845, is the idea that the United States is destined by God, its advocates believed to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the entire North American continent.

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In 1838,  the U.S. Army began to implement the Indian Removal Act.
The Cherokee were driven from their homes into stockades scattered throughout Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. From these locations, they were moved to internment camps in southeastern Tennessee. Detachments of Cherokee were then forcibly moved from the camps to Indian Territory.
Approximately 16.000 men, women, and children made the journey, marked by adverse conditions and high rates of disease and mortality.

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In September 1620, a merchant ship called Mayflower, set sail from Plymouth a port from the southern coast of England carried 102 passengers, an assortment of religious separatists called Saints seeking a new home where they could freely practice their faith and other individuals lured by the promise of prosperity and land ownership in the New World. Today, the colonists who crossed the Atlantic refers to as Pilgrims.

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During their first winter in America, more than half of the Plymouth colonists died of malnutrition, diseases, and exposure to the harsh  New England weather. With the help of  Squanto, the colonists learned how to hunt local animals, gather shellfish, and grow corn, beans, and squash. He also helped the settlers forge an alliance with the Wampanoag, a local tribe, which would endure for more than 50 years and tragically remains one of the sole examples of harmony between European colonists and Native Americans. At the end of the next summer, the Plymouth colonists celebrated their first successful harvest with a three-day festival of thanksgiving.

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Tensions between native people and settlers lasted for more than 200 years.
After many gory battles, by 1868 they signed a Treaty (Treaty of Fort Laramie) in which 'Black Hills' were recornised as property of the Great Sioux Reservation

The finding of gold in the Black Hills resulted on the US setting soldiers on the area.
The Sioux (headed by Sitting Bull) and the Cheyenne (leaded by Crazy Horse) warriors allied to protect that territory from the US.

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Where do they come from?

The Indian Removal Act (1830).

Manifest Destiny as justification.

The Indian Appropriations Act (1851).

Indian Reorganization Act (From 1934 to 1953).

Dawes Severalty Act (1887).

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On June 2, 1924, Congress enacted the Indian Citizenship Act=Every Native American born in the US was granted US citizenship.
Until 1957, some states barred Native Americans from voting.

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Assimilation as a tool, 1800.

Indigenous children forced away from their families=Americanization

First federally run Indian Boarding School, Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania (1879 to 1918).

“kill the Indian, save the man”
-Richard Henry Pratt

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Struggeled to raise public awareness

Forced to make difficult choices

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Bridge between the Federal Government and the Indian Tribes

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Enhance the quality of life

Promote economical opportunity

Protect and improve the trust of American Indians, Indian tribes and Alaska Natives

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1950 what led to the activism of the upcoming years (1960-1970)

The Indian Self-determination and Education Assistance Act (1975)

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1950:
- Congress seeked to abolish tribes
- Relocate American Indians
- Passed a federal policy of termination

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Native American Civil Rights Movement began

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- Red Power  (1960s-1970s)

- Alcatraz (1969-1971)
"Alcatraz is not an island. Its an idea"

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The Navajos were forced to march in the 1860s. This march became known as the Long Walk, which was considerably shorter than some of the other forced marches. They were moved from Fort Candy (Arizona) to confinement at the Bosque Redondo in eastern New Mexico Territory, where they were under strict military supervision. Finally, in 1868, the Navajos were allowed to return to their homeland. 11.612 Navajos were sent to the Bosque Redondo, but 8.846 people were reported to have arrived.

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By 1864, food and fuel became increasingly scarce. Traditional campsites used by the Cheyenne and Arapaho were unable to support winter encampments, so they established a winter campsite near the south bend of Big Sandy Creek.
Earlier that fall, a large group of Arapaho, as well as some Cheyenne, had camped near Fort Lyon which was the site of the Upper Arkansas Indian Agency.
In November, the tribes were prohibited from camping near the fort. Nearly all Cheyenne, as well as a small camp of the Arapaho moved to Sand Creek. On November 29, 1864, Colorado volunteer soldiers attacked this encampment of approximately 750 people.

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- Recognition and protection of indigenous culture and religions

- Affirmation of health, housing, employment, economic development and educational opportunities

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- Mojave American poet, language activist, former basketball player and educator

- Enrolled in the Gila River Indian Community

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Great Sioux Nation
-Dakota (East), Lakota (West), Nakota (central Lakota)
-"Friend" or "ally"
- Founding from 7 tribal bands
- Upper Mississippi > West Mississippi > South Dakota > Black Hills
- Trouble with settlers
- Eagle