# data[].attributes.headline
applications of automated irrigation systems

# data[].attributes.subject
applications of automated irrigation systems

# data[].attributes.body
Efficient, automated irrigation systems, which can irrigate the substrate of potted plants to a desired level and supply those plants with just the amount of water required for normal plant growth are currently not available. These systems, if developed, could reduce wastage of irrigation water due to excess application. This subsequently could reduce leaching and run-off, and aid growers to cope with increasing regulations of water-use by state governments in the US

# data[].attributes.headline
applications of automated irrigation systems -vishwesh

# data[].attributes.subject
applications of automated irrigation systems -vishwesh

# data[].attributes.body
Solar sailing has long been envisaged as an enabling technology. The promise of open-ended missions allows consideration of radically new trajectories and the delivery of spacecraft to previously unreachable or unsustainable observation outposts. A mission catalogue is presented of an extensive range of potential solar sail applications, allowing identification of the key features of missions which are enabled, or significantly enhance, through solar sail propulsion. Through these considerations a solar sail application-pull technology development roadmap is established, using each mission as a technology stepping-stone to the next. Having identified and developed a solar sail application-pull technology development roadmap, this is incorporated into a new vision for solar sailing. The development of new technologies, especially for space applications, is high-risk. The advancement difficulty of low technology readiness level research is typically underestimated due to a lack of recognition of the advancement degree of difficulty scale. Recognising the currently low technology readiness level of traditional solar sailing concepts, along with their high advancement degree of difficulty and a lack of near-term applications a new vision for solar sailing is presented which increases the technology readiness level and reduces the advancement degree of difficulty of solar sailing. Just as the basic principles of solar sailing are not new, they have also been long proven and utilised in spacecraft as a low-risk, high-return limited-capability propulsion system. It is therefore proposed that this significant heritage be used to enable rapid, near-term solar sail future advancement through coupling currently mature solar sail, and other, technologies with current solar sail technology developments. As such the near-term technology readiness level of traditional solar sailing is increased, while simultaneously reducing the advancement degree of difficulty along the solar sail application-pull technology development roadmap.

# data[].attributes.body
Cross Contamination
The process by which bacteria or other microorganisms are unintentionally transferred from one substance or object to another, with harmful effect.
Infrared sensor
An electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. Fibre-optic
A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibres) to transmit data. A fibre optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves
Transformer
An electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
Threaded Pipe
A pipe with screw-threaded ends for assembly.
British Standard Whitworth (BSW)
A standard used in manufacturing threaded pipes.
Relay driver circuit
A circuit which can drive a relay (an electronically functioning binary switch) to operate as a switch.
Just in time” (JIT) production system
An inventory strategy companies employ to reduce waste and increase efficiency by receiving goods when they are requires at the time of production.
Theory of constraints (TOC)
A management paradigm that views any manageable system as being limited in achieving more of its goals by a very small number of constraints.
Solenoid valve
The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold.
C battery
'C' battery (or R14 battery) is a standard size of battery typically used in medium-drain applications such as toys and musical instruments.
PIR sensor
A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based motion detectors.
Pin Header
A pin header (or simply header) is a form of electrical connector. It consists of one or more rows of male pins typically spaced 2.54 millimetres (0.1 in) apart, but sometimes 2 millimetres (0.079 in) or 1.27 millimetres (0.05 in) is used as well.

# data[].attributes.body
Introduction

# data[].attributes.body
Target Audience - General Public

# data[].attributes.body
The Sources I have used are :BITS E-Library

www.gentworks.co.uk

Newspapers(Independent)

www.us-tech.com

www.britannica.com

www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DPDjdfUjyQ

# data[].attributes.body
I used the following sources to assist me in this project:-

BITS E-Library

www.autotaps.com

Harvard Business Review

www.moneycrashers.com

Microsoft Encarta

www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZaTMvOyUzyo

# data[].attributes.body
My Sources include
www.ijetae.com

www.tapsensors.com

www.autotaps.com

www.gentworks.co.uk

www.sswm.info

BITS E-Library

www.ijoart.org

www.rainbird.com

# data[].attributes.body
To answer this question,I relied upon general sources of advertising principles and then thought about how can they be effectively implemented in<br>this case.

# data[].attributes.body
How did you find about the ways to popularise tap sensors around the world?

# data[].attributes.body
I researched means to reduce costs of production from various websites(some of them are moneycrashers.com,vorne.com) and then applied the principles
described in them to find about means to reduce production costs in this particular case.

# data[].attributes.body
Where did you find about ways and means to reduce costs of production of tap sensors?

# data[].attributes.body
For the three applications,I used different sources
a.)For the application which talked about avoiding diseases,I saw it on autotaps.com
b.)For the automatic irrigation system,I
c.)For the usage in public restrooms,I thought about how sensor taps can be used in day-to-day life and came up with this solution.

# data[].attributes.body
Where did you find the main applications of tap sensors?

# data[].attributes.body
I got this information from www.autotaps.com where the types of sensor taps were clearly listed

# data[].attributes.body
Where did you get information about the types of sensors?

# data[].attributes.body
a.) Reducing Material Costs – Some components used in tap sensors can be substituted with cheaper alternatives to reduce the cost. For Example – Instead of chrome exterior, simple metal finish can be used

b.) Converting existing taps into automatic taps by adding sensors

c.) Reducing Complexity.

For Example – Combining multiple taps with single circuit

# data[].attributes.body
How can the production costs of Tap Sensors be reduced?

# data[].attributes.body
a.)  By targeting locations where water shortage is a major issue.

For example – Automatic irrigation can be used in drought prone regions to conserve water. b.)  By targeting places where water consumption drives up costs. c.)  By legislative acts to make Tap Sensors mandatory in places where water consumption is high. d.)  By reducing production costs – The most important step.

# data[].attributes.body
How can Tap Sensors be popularised around the world?

# data[].attributes.body
a.)  Used in hospitals to avoid spreading diseases
b.)  Used in automatic irrigation system to reduce wastage of water
c.)  Used in public restroom to avoid excessive consumption of water

# data[].attributes.body
What are the main applications of Tap Sensors?

# data[].attributes.body
a.)Based on location – Place where Tap Sensors are needed, for example in airports, in hospitals, in schools and offices and in public restrooms. b.)Based on Style and Shape – For cosmetic and accessibility purposes.

# data[].attributes.body
What are the types of Tap Sensors?

# data[].attributes.body
The recent water crisis and the subsequent suicides by farmer especially in Maharashtra inspired me to think about ways and means to conserve water.

As World Bank in its study concluded” Rivers will displace oil as trigger for conflict among poor nations”. The study also stated “….Chronic water shortages already affect 40 per cent of the world's population in 80 countries and the situation is set to become far worse with an expanding population and ever-increasing demand for water.”(Source: -http://www.independent.co.uk/news/water-shortages-to-be-new-cause-of-wars-1595148.html)

As Lao Tzu said “The journey of thousand miles begins with a single step”, I thought about way to save water at individual level and tap sensors is a great way to do that. As an engineer tap sensors combine my knowledge with my concerns about water shortage.

# data[].attributes.body
Why have you chosen this topic? @Piyush

# data[].attributes.body
Link on "Statistical facts about benefits of tap sensors"
http://www.autotaps.com/sensor-taps-facts-and-charts.html

# data[].attributes.body
Link on "Benefits of Tap Sensors"
http://www.autotaps.com/benefits-of-electronic-taps.html

# data[].attributes.body
An electronic diagram of sensor taps circuit

# data[].attributes.body
Basic diagram of sensor tap's mechanism

# data[].attributes.headline
Prabhav - Working of Automatic Sensor Taps

# data[].attributes.subject
Prabhav - Working of Automatic Sensor Taps

# data[].attributes.body
Here is the link about the mechanism and science behind sensor taps

http://www.autotaps.co/how-automatic-tap-work.html