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Zeanah, Charles H., and Mary Margaret Gleason. “Annual Research Review: Attachment Disorders in Early Childhood - Clinical Presentation, Causes, Correlates, and Treatment.” Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, vol. 56, no. 3, Mar. 2015, pp. 207–222. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/jcpp.12347.

Allen, Brian, and Carlo Schuengel. “Attachment Disorders Diagnosed by Community Practitioners: A Replication and Extension.” Child & Adolescent Mental Health, vol. 25, no. 1, Feb. 2020, pp. 4–10. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/camh.12338.

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Cherry, Kendra. “How Attachment Theory Works.” Verywell Mind, Verywell Mind, 17 July 2019, https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attachment-theory-2795337.

DBGR52. “Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder Need Caregiver Engagement in Treatment.” Dakota Boys and Girls Ranch, https://www.dakotaranch.org/blog/archive/rad/?mwm_id=336460270256&gclid=Cj0KCQiA2NaNBhDvARIsAEw55hjaZjGUmu1yJxvEur1CbaORULvyUHiIgKkJNDkDnNYUSx0e8tqpsh8aAuG5EALw_wcB.

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The moment a child is born.
It learns to bond with its mother.
But, sometimes unfortunately a mother is torn.
Between being a real mother and drugs.
She refuses to feed the baby.
She shrugs.
And leaves mothering to the other.
Because, she sees her newborn baby as a bother,
And never bonds with her baby.
The baby never feels the closeness with its mother.
As when holding it securely feeding it lovingly,
The baby compulsively,
Makes noises to draw attention impulsively,
It becomes a way for the baby to survive.
It may grow up messing in its pants.
Because it's a feeling of security,
Not showing maturity.
The child eventually develops reactive attachment disorder.
From never being held close to its mother.
From never being loved and nurtured by its mother.
Then, the child's placed into foster care by court order.
The child learns from birth, not to bond or trust anyone.
Because sooner or later everyone.
Will hurt you!
Look, what your own mother did to you.
They hear their inner voice say.
She never wanted you.
Rejected from birth,
The court prays that someone will love these broken children.
As they're placed from home to home, feeling the world's judgment,
These children silently wait for true justice.
Waiting for someone to love them unconditionally,
To accept them as they are.
They wait to be part of a family one day.
All they want is someone that truly cares.
That can love the unlovable,
And be loveable, through all their pain.

Patricia Kelley

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‘Rescuing Julia twice’ is a heartfelt account of how an adoptive mother overcame her child’s reactive attachment disorder. In this post she talks about her journey'.

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‘Rescuing Julia twice’ is a heartfelt account of how an adoptive mother overcame her child’s reactive attachment disorder. In this post she talks about her journey'.

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An adoptive mom speaks on Reactive Attachment Disorder

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‘Rescuing Julia twice’ is a heartfelt account of how an adoptive mother overcame her child’s reactive attachment disorder. In this post she talks about her journey.

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-Psychotherapy and counseling
- Family therapy
-Social skills intervention
-Special education
- Parenting skills classes

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Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) In Children

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Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) in children requires patience and consistency from parents and family. Get personalized coaching today.

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While it is not known with certainty if reactive attachment disorder can be prevented, there may be ways to reduce the risk of its  development.

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While it is not known with certainty if reactive attachment disorder can be prevented, there may be ways to reduce the risk of its  development.

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-Take classes or volunteer with children if you lack experience or skill with babies or children. This will help you learn how to interact in a nurturing manner
-Be actively engaged with your child by lots of playing, talking to him or her, making eye contact, and smiling.
-Learn to interpret your baby's cues, such as different types of cries, so that you can meet his or her needs quickly and effectively.
-Provide warm, nurturing interaction with your child, such as during feeding, bathing or changing diapers.
-Offer both verbal and nonverbal responses to the child's feelings through touch, facial expressions and tone of voice.

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1) Your child's doctor will ask about patterns in behavior suggesting withdrawl from primary caretakers.

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2) Your child's history will be important in creating a diagnosis, including any history of neglect or abuse.

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RAD can carry into adulthood if the child is not treated or if treatment was not 100% effective. The effects carrying into adulthood can be very significant and interfere with one's ability to fully experience relationships or have a positive sense of self.

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-Detachment
-Withdrawal from connections
-Inability to maintain significant relationships, romantic or platonic
-Inability to show affection
-Resistance to receiving love
-Control issues
-Anger problems
-Impulsivity

-Distrustful
-Inability to fully grasp emotions
-Feelings of emptiness
-Lack of sense of belonging

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Displaying inappropriate affection toward strangers while demonstrating a lack of affection for and/or fear of their primary caretakers.

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Expressing anger, having tantrums, being irritable, unhappy and sad, disobedience and arguing (beyond what would be “usual” for the child’s age).

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Avoiding eye contact and physical touch, especially with caregivers.

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Failure to show an expected range of emotions when interacting with others; failure to show “emotions of conscience” such as remorse, guilt, or regret.

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To feel safe and develop trust, infants and young children need a stable, caring environment. Their basic emotional and physical needs must be consistently met.

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For instance, when a baby cries, the need for a meal or a diaper change must be met with a shared emotional exchange that may include eye contact, smiling and caressing.

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It's not clear why some babies and children develop reactive attachment disorder and others don't. Various theories about reactive attachment disorder and its causes exist, and more research is needed to develop a better understanding and improve diagnosis and treatment options.

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It's not clear why some babies and children develop reactive attachment disorder and others don't. Various theories about reactive attachment disorder and its causes exist, and more research is needed to develop a better understanding and improve diagnosis and treatment options.

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British psychologist John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings."

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British psychologist John Bowlby was the first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings."

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A child whose needs are ignored or met with a lack of emotional response from caregivers does not come to expect care or comfort or form a stable attachment to caregivers.

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- A baby whose diaper is soiled for hours.
- A baby who is hungry and not fed for hours.
- A baby who is crying and not tended to/ not comforted in distress.
- A baby who is not held, touched, talked to, or interacted with for hours at a time.
- A young child who only receives attention by acting out.
- A baby or child who has had multiple primary caretakers.
- Any situation involving physical or emotional neglect or abuse.

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Some of the earliest behavioral theories suggested that attachment was simply a learned behavior. These theories proposed that attachment was merely the result of the feeding relationship between the child and the caregiver.

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Bowlby viewed attachment as a product of evolutionary processes. While the behavioral theories of attachment suggested that attachment was a learned process, Bowlby and others proposed that children are born with an innate drive to form attachments with caregivers.

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Children's attachment patterns are substantially influenced by those of their parents. The attachments of both child and parents affect children's physical, psychological, behavioral, and developmental wellbeing.

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Attachment is the emotional bond that forms between infant and caregiver, and it is the means by which the helpless infant gets primary needs met.

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This disorder is most common among children from 9 months to 5 years old who have experienced physical or emotional neglect/ abuse.

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Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is a condition in which an infant or young child does not form a secure or healthy emotional bond with their parental figures.

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Attachment allows children the 'secure base' necessary to explore, learn and relate, and the wellbeing, motivation, and opportunity to do so.

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John Bowlby, a British psychologist, suggested that early attachment experience creates ‘internal working models’ — life-long templates for preconceptions of the value and reliability of relationships, close and otherwise.

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John Bowlby, a British psychologist, suggested that early attachment experience creates ‘internal working models’ — life-long templates for preconceptions of the value and reliability of relationships, close and otherwise.

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Although RAD is considered to be a rare disorder, it can be very common for children who are in the foster system.

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3) Children must be between 9 months and 5 years old to be formally diagnosed.

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The Kids Are Not Alright: A Russian Adoption Story

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It is important for safety, stress regulation, adaptability, and resilience.

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Reactive Attachment Disorder, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.

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Some cases where children might commonly develop RAD:

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Some cases where children might commonly develop RAD:

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- When they have had many different foster care providers or have spent time in an orphanage.
- If they have been taken away from their primary caretakers after forming a healthy bond.
- If they have had multiple traumatic losses early in life.

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"The issue is not whether children are attached, but how — whether they experience relationships as valuable, reliable, and safe."  - John Bowbly

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"The issue is not whether children are attached, but how — whether they experience relationships as valuable, reliable, and safe."  - John Bowbly

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4) Before diagnosing a child with RAD, other causes for the child's atypical functioning will need to be ruled out. For example, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can pose some of the same symptoms.