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Parts without wholes – the distinction Luhmann failed to make

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Parts without wholes – the distinction Luhmann failed to make

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Luhmann infamously claimed to replace the distinction between part and whole with the distinction between system and environment. Modern society accordingly consits only of its parts. But there cannot be parts without a whole. His theoretical edifice is based on a self-contradiction most evidently expressed in Luhmann’s definition of the concept of function.

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Lukning to multiple temporal codes.

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Relativt to the Parsonian approach for consolation

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derived from Cambridge University/city

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The traditional setup of Anglo-Saxon universities in Cambridge and Oxford.

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bureaucracy/network

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market/state

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These are ordered poetically rather than strictly ‘positive/negative’:

art/money

business/personal

written/oral

above-the-line / below-the-line

known/unknown

marked/unmarked

security/terror

communication/consciousness

information/counterintelligence

gold/shit

‘Society’s most important subsystems’ / folklore

experts / ‘juju men’

memory/dream

forecasting/divination

work/play

grown-up/child

global/local

society/community

corporate/tribal

artificial/real

mechanical/mindful

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Neoclassical Economics / New Institutional Economics

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Neoclassical Economics / New Institutional Economics

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Negation / Negation der Negation = Position 

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Negation / Negation der Negation = Position 

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die „Phänomenologie des Geistes“ von GWF Hegel

hat die Erkenntnistheorie an die Grenze ihrer Verständlichkeit gebracht

auf deren anderen Seite die

Systemtheorie wartete

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Hat die Ontologie an jene Grenze gebracht

auf deren anderer Seite

die Systemtheorie

sich ankündigte

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Developed/developing

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North/South

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Have manifestations of digital technology in the social world challenged or subverted prominent analogue distinctions in sociological theorising and research and/or transformed traditional epistemic hierarchies?

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collective individualism / individualized collectivism 

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collective individualism / individualized collectivism 

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School logic between collective individualism and individualized collectivism

T. Lindacher

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Education operates in an area of tension between autonomy and heteronomy, for example with regard to the implementation of inclusive educational settings. While schools are expected to independently design open spaces for a heterogeneous student population (keyword: new forms of educational governance), they are tied to the requirements of the political system, especially in terms of organization and personnel.

Tanja Lindacher

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These environmental ethical distinctions have formed the basis of thinking in this field for the past 50 years. They have been very helpful for us to better understand the limitations of anthropocentrism, but they have also created problems with boundary-keeping between bio- and ecocentrism. While they are important distinctions, how can we not get stuck in these debates ad infinitum, and operationalize the spirit of them in politics?

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Knowledge is alive while information can be found in encyclopaedia. This relates to education vs. instruction.

See DOI:10.1111/jeea.12174

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Eine Unterscheidung - wie Kunst/Kultur - mit weitreichenden Folgen, bis in die akademische Fächereinteilung hinein. Ihr ist selbst ein Naturalsmus unterlaufen, da die Einsichten der Naturwissenschaften selbst kulturelle Leistungen sind.

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Die Kunst, die sich seit dem 15 Jhdt in den italienischen Stadtstaaten ausdifferenziert hatte, ist etwas völlig anderes als der Kulturbegriff, der im Zug der Kollonialisierung als Abgrenzung aufgetaucht ist. Die permanente Vermischung des einen mit dem anderen eine Bequemlichkeit unseres Denkens: Siehe Bazon Brock

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In ästhetischen Bewertungsvorgängen ein unausgesprochenes

Entweder-oder

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Kausalität/Koinzidenz.

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Ontologie versus Systemtheorie

Alteuropäisches Denken versus Differenztheorie

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diese Blackbox als Basis der Evolution der Systeme

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There is a dominant thought that companies have to make a choice between being profitable andn being responsible (or ecologically sustainable).

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Oder ideal: mixed methods, mixed data

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A guiding distinction for many people (not only policemen, judges, lawyers but also parents, teachers, professors) in everyday life. It's at the basis of social institutions (like e.g. the law) and organizations (e.g. law enforcement). Nevertheless, a closer look shows us that there is nothing like a clear distinction: if we accept e.g. terms and concepts like over-conformity or innovation, conformity turns into deviance and vice-versa.

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A powerful dichotomy (or spectrum) for understanding social systems.

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Even though Luhmann suggests the concept of ‘Weltgesellschaft’, we can(will) still see the difference of semantic between Europe/Non-Europe because of our structural differences and historical contexts.

But it is still important to examine how far total world has become ‘die Weltgesellschaft’ in terms of functional differentiation anyway.

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This distinction in essential for the philosophy of science and therefore to much of the assumptions social theories rely on.

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This distinction is seminal in historical sciences and in sociological history as well

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By Jan Fuhse. http://www.janfuhse.de

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can there be such thing as "positive" social science? Can a social scientist every truly be an "objective observant"? Is there any value to "pure observation" and is that even possible?

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In social policy (and political social theory more broadly) agency VS structure is the eternal debate on what shapes welfare regimes, social policies, social problems, and outcomes, ultimately on what drives societal evolution and transformation. There are hardliners on both sides (e.g. path-dependency vs actor-based theories) as well as some middle ground approaches. In my opinion it is the latter that are the most useful and accurate although they do run the risk of becoming generic. I have subscribe to Gough's approach that social policy tends to be a synthetic outcome of the interplay of top-down agendas for social control aimed at securing the reproduction of capitalist relations with bottom-up inititatives and struggles for redistribution of wellbeing. Ultimately, this is what makes social policy and welfare studies so interesting, that the welfare regimes and outcomes can be a reflection of a balance of power and power struggles within a society more broadly.

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Hier herrscht ein Ebenenunterschied

gleich = abstrakt + normativ

vergleichbar schließt Imagination und Wahrnehmung ein:

Siehe Zwillingsforschung

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I have been thinking about inclusive education.

How is educational inclusion possible?

From the perspective of second-order observation, the elephant that has hitherto reamined hidden begins to reveal its shadowy outline. The requesiton therefore invites a systemic exploration of the competing communications across a range of social systems that facitate and determine what consistitues "educational inclusion".

A complex network of interconnected guiding distinctions at macro, meso, and micro levels begin to emerge. They require close scrutiny about their roles in forming other guiding distinctions such as mainstream/speical, able/disabed and neurotypical/neurodivergent.

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Inclusive distinction "categories/concepts"  

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Inclusive distinction "categories/concepts"  

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The question of category: A reconceptualization through Luhmann's systems theory. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sres.2979

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Wieviel Normativität steckt im Begriff der "Leitunterscheidung"? Wieviel Erwünschtheit ist in der Soziologie, in der Systemtheorie erwünscht? Wieviel in der Gesellschaft allgemein?