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Phone

Strawberry cake

lift

contagious

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Look at these examples to see how we can give contrasting information.

she now flies down the slopes, it took her years to learn to ski well.
He's really busy. He still offered to help, .
I passed the exam even though I hardly studied.
I don't agree, I understand their point of view.
I'd love a holiday this year, I just can't afford it.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Grammar explanation

Although, despite, even if, even though, in spite of, much as, though, whereas and while are all used to link two contrasting ideas or show that one fact makes the other fact surprising.

They can all be used at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

the heavy rain, the hikers continued climbing the mountain.
The hikers continued climbing the mountain the heavy rain.

The main difference between these conjunctions is that they are followed by different structures.

After in spite of and despite, we use a noun phrase or - ing form of a verb.

It's common to use in spite of and despite with the expression the fact that, so that it can be followed by a subject and verb.

We arrived on time, in spite of the fact that we missed the train.
Their restaurant succeeded, despite the fact that they received bad reviews.

After although, though and even though, we use a subject and a verb. They mean the same thing, but even though is slightly stronger and more emphatic than although and though.

Marjorie lost the election, many more people voted for her than the first time.
I love my Italian conversation class, I struggled at first.
Even though my team lost, it was great to be in the stadium for the final.

Though can also go at the end of the second phrase. This way of expressing contrasting ideas is most common in spoken English.

I didn't know anyone when I first got to uni. I soon made friends, .

Even if means 'whether or not' or 'no matter whether'. It's followed by a subject and a verb.

you are an expert swimmer, you should be careful at this beach.

While is a conjunction that is most commonly used with time, but it can also be used to mean 'despite the fact that' or 'although'.

I made some mistakes in my driving exam, I still passed.

In this sense, while comes at the beginning of the sentence.

While and whereas can be used to mean 'but' or 'compared with the fact that', to compare two contradictory ideas.

While/Whereas Ivan is very sociable, his brother is more reserved.
My trip home was quick and easy, whereas/while my colleagues were delayed for hours.

In this sense, while/whereas can come at the beginning of the sentence or between the two contradictory clauses.

Much as is a more formal expression. It means 'although', 'despite how much' or 'no matter how much'.

I enjoyed studying abroad, it was good to return home.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Language level

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Do you know how to give contrasting information using conjunctions such as despite, much as and whereas? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

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Look at these examples to see how capital letters and apostrophes are used.

India celebrates Independence Day on 15 August.
Adam speaks English, Arabic and some Persian.
It's really cold today! They say it'll snow tonight.
Jane's staying at her parents' house this week.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Grammar test 1

Capital letters and apostrophers: Grammar test 1

Grammar explanation

Capitalisation

There are lots of times when you need to use capital letters - for example, to start a sentence or for the pronoun I. Here are some other important rules for using them.

Days, months and holidays

We capitalise days of the week, months and festivals, but not seasons.

His birthday party is on Thursday.
Schools are closed at Christmas.
It rains a lot in April and May, but the summer is very dry.

Names of people and places

We capitalise the names of people and places, including streets, planets, continents and countries.

Bea Jankowski has lived on Church Street in Manchester for 20 years.
The Earth is the third planet from the Sun.
Russia is in both Europe and Asia.

Words that come from the names of places - for example languages, nationalities and adjectives that refer to people or things from a country, region or city - are capitalised. We also capitalise nouns and adjectives that come from the names of religions.

Some Canadians speak French.
Londoners eat a lot of Indian food.
Most Muslims fast during the day for Ramadan.

Titles and names of institutions

The names of organisations and usually the important words in book and film titles are capitalised. When a person's job title goes before their name, capitalise both. If the title is separate from their name, capitalise only their name.

Salome Zourabichvili, the president of Georgia, is visiting President Alvi tomorrow.
The chief executive officer lives in New York.
We are readingWar and Peace with Ms Ioana, our teacher.

Apostrophes

We use an apostrophe to show a contraction or possession.

Contractions

We use an apostrophe to show where there are missing letters in contractions.

It's raining. (It's = It is)
Don't worry, it won't rain. (Don't = Do not; won't = will not)
She can't drive because she's broken her leg. (can't = cannot; she's = she has)
I'd like a coffee, please. (I'd = I would)
You'll be fine. (You'll = You will)

** Note that is a contraction of it is or it has. is a possessive form of the pronoun it.

The dog is chasing its tail.
Are you sure it's OK for me to ring you so early?
It's rained a lot this week.

Possession

We also use an apostrophe with the letter s after a noun (normally a person, animal or group) to show that the noun owns someone or something.

My cat's favourite toy is a small, red ball.
Sadiq's parents live in Liverpool.
South Korea's economy is growing.

Singular or plural

We use 's when the possessor is singular.

Marie's mother is going to Hong Kong.

We also use 's when the possessor is a plural noun that does not end in s.

The People's Republic of China
My cousin writes children's books.

When a plural noun ends in s, we put the apostrophe after the s ( s').

This is a picture of my parents' house.
Our friend's new car is red. She just got it yesterday.
Our friends' new car is red. They just got it yesterday.

When a singular noun ends in s, we generally use 's.

James's brother-in-law is German.
He has a collection of Dickens's novels.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Grammar test 2

Capital letters and apostrophers: Grammar test 2

Language level

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Do you know how to use capital letters and apostrophes correctly? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

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dAVE en RyAN

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sick nasty

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phone

lift

strawberry cake

contagious

future deliveries.

black screen. you hear lift bing.

lift opens and you see a delivery guy with a strawberry cake on the elevator cake and lifts it up.

delivery guy delivers you the cake and says : here you go future deliverys. it'll make sense later.

you look at the guy who has a confused face.

puts cake on table

person X takes phone out of pocket

opens an app

sees the the strawberry cake

then you look at him. contempt.