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Leader/Preacher of Evangelicalism in the 2nd Great Awakening

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Leader/Preacher of Evangelicalism in the 2nd Great Awakening

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Charles Finney; led the people towards a society focused on religion and was partially successful and guiding the nation towards religious revival

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The 2nd Great Awakening worked to bring back the heavy focus on religion in America and gave women/slaves the empowerment needed to create their own movement. This 2nd Awakening was able to make the US a Christian society and would set the foundation for movements in the future (set the foundation for women's rights and abolition)

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Revivals

Evangelical denominations, such as the Baptists and Methodists who wanted to spread their beliefs, marked the beginning of a religious revival in the late 1700s (mainly Protestant revivalism)

Evangelicalism

Charles Finney pushed the idea that man is a moral free agent and that salvation can be chosen, anyone can grasp onto heaven (described Heaven vs. Hell; equality in the eyes of God)

Charles Finney

Finney was widely successful in convincing anyone on the social spectrum to convert to evangelical ideals through his acknowledgment that everyone follows Christ (first movement to unite all parts of the nation

He moved his revivals from Rochester to the Erie Canal where he promoted group prayer and successfully convinced the population to go to church, give up alcohol, and work hard. His wife convinced middle-class women to adopt the Christian message, allowing Finney to create his own Christian community

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Dorothea Dix; pushed for change within the education system for children and improved prison/hospital treatment for citizens.

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The changes with educational advances and prison reform pushed states to recognize the importance of better education access as well as better prison treatment for citizens. These changes show how progress can be me in American institutions as well as improved prisons and hospitals and integrated women into American public life to come.

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Horace Mann

Mann was able to lengthen the school year, implement reading, writing, and arithmetic standards as well as recruit well-educated women teachers to increase elementary schooling and improve school instruction

women such as Catharine Beecher followed Mann's footsteps to argue that women were better qualified than men to teach the youth

Dorothea Dix

Dorothea Dix grew up with an alcoholic father which gave her a strong sense of moral purpose to better the world and she used money from her family in order to establish charity schools to free children from miserable childhoods

in 1841, she discovered that insane women were treated poorly in the jail system, prompting her to create a national movement to set up state asylums for the mentally ill

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Push for Women's Rights during Seneca Falls

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Push for Women's Rights during Seneca Falls

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Women and men meet up at the Seneca Falls Convention to discuss equality for all, triggering the Women's Rights Movement.

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The women's rights movement of the 1800s worked to provide women with equal opportunities and set a foundation for a society that practiced the ideals of equality. This changed American society by showing others that change can be fought for and empowered others to demand justice, inspiring events like the abolition movement.

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Seneca Falls, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucrecia Mott

in the 1840s, many women's rights activists wanted to implement reforms that would grant women more rights including that of owning their own property

in 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucrecia Mott held the Seneca Halls Convention in New York where they would discuss expanding the statement of equality from the Declaration of Independence to that of women

this allowed for the women's rights movement to grow in strength and forced the nation to remove the idea of women being inferior and allowed women to own property, institute lawsuits, testify in court, as well as other changes that resulted from their reform

Declaration of Sentiments

the Declaration of Sentiments declared that "all men and women are created equal," however, history has shown that women were constantly seen as inferior to men and did not receive the same equal treatment/opportunities, bringing in the support of Americans in order to fix this false statement

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Irish and German immigrants depicted as drinking alcohol and running away from the group with a ballot box. Nativists believed immigrants were bringing harm to society.

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The rise of Irish and German immigration in the Northeast brought about ethnically diverse traditions that changed the culture of New York City. This increase in immigration triggered the growing support of nativism as well as opposing values between the city and the countryside which would put American society in a messy, divided position.

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Know-Nothing Party

the Know-Nothing Party, which was the northern Whigs turned Republicans, had strong anti-immigrant beliefs and took over politics and elections by focusing on temperance, anti-Catholicism, and the nativism that the New Yorkers wanted

German/Irish Immigrants

in the 1850s, Irish and German immigrants made their way over to the Northeast, especially New York, where they integrated themselves into the neighborhoods, Catholic Church, and Democratic Party

NY Anti-Immigrant Gangs

however, New York natives saw the diverse immigrants as a threat to their community and took part in fighting to end immigration, assaulting foreign residents, assaulting the youth, restricting employers, and denouncing the foreign tradition of beer

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Minstrelsy and Minstrel Shows in 1800s America

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Minstrelsy and Minstrel Shows in 1800s America

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As the popular entertainment industry rose in the 1800s, racist sentiments, offensive ridicule, and inappropriate criticisms also increased.

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Changes in values and the rise of urban pop culture brought about large changes in America where new jobs, entertainment, and reform movements were brought about. These changes highlighted the distinct differences between rural and urban society as well as introduced ways to reduce heavy drinking, sparked the spread of racism, and introduced homoerotic friendships/relationships.

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Minstrelsy

minstrelsy rose in American society during the eruption of popular entertainment in the 1830s and were song/dance routines where actors put on blackface and made offensive and racist jokes toward African Americans, women, Irish/German immigrants, and the arrogance of the rich

Female Moral Reform Society

middle-class women viewed commercial sex and prostitution work as a double standard and did not want women to experience this moral corruption so the society was formed in order to provide women with jobs/housing and a way to stray from the seduction and corruption of the institution

Temperance Movement

during the 1800s, American society drank heavily which affected their overall health (and the health of women and children) and ability to work, leading to the temperance movement where women served as spiritual guides in confessions, prayers, and conversions, helping society turn away from alcohol

Commercialized Sex

after the population boom of New York and Philadelphia in the 1840s, thousands of citizens had a hard time finding jobs and keeping up with the costly American life, so many young women turned to prostitution and commercialized sex where they advertised themselves to "sporting men" in order to make money

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Mormon Communities Moving Westward on the Mormon Trail

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Mormon Communities Moving Westward on the Mormon Trail

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The Mormon communities of America moved westward toward the Great Salt Lake Valley after being rejected by the religious communities of the East.

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The upbringing of Mormonism in American culture led to closely-knit communities throughout the nation and westward expansion of new groups. It brought about a new religion and integrated ideas of changing old traditions as well as religious reforms in American society.

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Brigham Young

after Joseph Smith (founder of the Latter-day Church) was murdered, Brigham Young adopted Smith's beliefs of conservative religion and led their supporters to establish territory in the Great Salt Lake Valley where Young was the governor and operated with authoritarianism and resisting federal laws

Mormon Trail

unorthodox Mormon beliefs and practices were  denied by the nation and pushed out of New York, Missouri, and Illinois, forcing Brigham Young and the Mormon population to follow the Oregon Trail into Mexican Territory where they settled in the Mid-West of present-day Utah

Religious Persecution

many neighboring Christians were outraged by the Mormon belief of polygamy, leading to an anti-Mormon mob that murdered Smith and his brother and the Mormon War where Protestant church leaders and the federal government sent a small army to resist the Mormons (killing 12)

1st Amendment - Freedom of Religion

the Mormons represent the right to show and practice their religion by enacting strict religious/community rules and denying restrictions brought on by other religions and the government to create their popularly practiced Mormon community

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The utopian communities in America during the 1800s had set worships, practices, and beliefs that would push them closer to a "perfect" society.

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Utopian communities in the 1800s banded together in hopes of reforming society into perfect communities where society and the people had no problems. The reforms of having perfect communities introduced radical methods and smaller communities such as the Shakers and Oneidas that challenged sexual norms, economy, and gender roles.

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Shakers

a society of united believers who believed in Christ's Second Appearing (both male and female, honored Mother Ann), received their name from dances during their worship, and were remembered for agriculture/furniture

the Shakers had strict religious communities that believed in sharing of property, rigid management by church leaders, and abstention from substances, sex, marriage, and war/politics

Oneida

John Humphrey Noyes wanted a community that embraced perfectionism and complex marriages in order for people to live sinless lives and progress toward equality

Noyes relocated his perfectionist community to Oneida, New York where the people were able to partake in the radical practices of complex marriages and community affairs unlike other areas

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Henry David Thoreau's Transcendentalist Sign

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Henry David Thoreau's Transcendentalist Sign

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Henry David Thoreau's cabin in Walden Pond where he embodied the ideals of transcendentalism and distanced himself from civilized/instituted society

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Changes in art and literature through transcendentalism led the American nation into growing beliefs of individualism which would push for advances such as women's rights and education. This movement was also important in emphasizing writing and lecture as a main form of spreading information as well as setting the foundation for literature to come.

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Transcendentalism

an intellectual movement that focused on realizing one as an individual self; finding harmony/peace/nature within yourself will benefit society around you (believed God was a single being)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

believed the people were restricted under set customs, traditions, and institutions, leading him to spread individualism through his writing and lectures

Henry David Thoreau

supported Emerson's beliefs and pushed the ideas of individuality by rejecting social norms and resisting unjust laws

Leaves of Grass

written by Walt Whitman in 1855 and highlighted his efforts of breaking down the indivisible boundaries, individuality, and connection to nature