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[National Defense] Gladys Poon, Charmaine Lee, Toby Chan, Alanna Hong, Cherrie Poon

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[National Defense] Gladys Poon, Charmaine Lee, Toby Chan, Alanna Hong, Cherrie Poon

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http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2022-11/15/content_4926147.htm

https://www.scmp.com/topics/china-military

https://amp.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3198431/military-build-needed-protect-chinas-overseas-interests-official-explanation-says

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2. Include the further reading list of 2-3 related articles

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2. Include the further reading list of 2-3 related articles

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3. Set three questions for your audience:

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3. Set three questions for your audience:

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- a factual question based on the presentation content
- an open-ended question to provoke the thinking of the audience
- a question for the further reading list

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1. Read the articles & answer the questions

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1. Read the articles & answer the questions

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1. Charing Choi, Natalie Leung, Ellie Leung, Sandra Tang

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1. Charing Choi, Natalie Leung, Ellie Leung, Sandra Tang

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http://gr.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/kxjs/zgkj/200408/t20040803_3367254.htm

https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d414d79517a4e77457a6333566d54/share_p.html

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1. Other than the one we mentioned in our powerpoint, name one technological achievement and the importance of it on China during reform and opening up.

2. Why China has such improvement in technology advances ?

3. What measures has China done to increase the number of scientific and technological personnel as well as the scientific and technological level ?

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1. [Factual Question] What measures has China taken to improve its national defense?

2. [Open-ended question]Do you think the current actions and plans for China are effective in promoting peace among other countries?

3. [Source Q] According to the source why is it important for China to increase its national defense?

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1. [Economy] May Chu, Jillian Chow, May Shum, Chloe Lau

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1. [Economy] May Chu, Jillian Chow, May Shum, Chloe Lau

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gladys lee 15
coco ma 19
haylie ng 20
janice ng 21
angel pang 22
venus tang 27

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https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202210/27/WS6359ed98a310fd2b29e7ece2.html

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-62830775.amp

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1. [factual question] Name THREE social issues China was suffering from before the reform

2. [open-ended] Suggest and explain how covid-19 has affected the economy of China.

3. [question for further reading] With reference to the articles, what effect does Covid lead to China’s economy current years.

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1. [Culture] Hazel Fung, Gloria Chong, Jane Lui, Charlene Lau

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1. [Culture] Hazel Fung, Gloria Chong, Jane Lui, Charlene Lau

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The Reform of the Cultural System: Culture, Creativity and Innovation in China

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137327772_10

Culture development

https://www.britannica.com/place/China/Cultural-developments

China unveils cultural development plan for 2021-2025 period

http://english.www.gov.cn/policies/latestreleases/202208/17/content_WS62fc3e4dc6d02e533532f433.html

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1. What are the methods implemented to develop Chinese culture? State one.

2. Comment and explain the effectiveness of this method.

3. According to the source, what is the aim of the culture development plan?

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https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-guide/china-natural-resource.htm#:~:text=Mineral%20Resource,k-China%20is%20rich&text=Some%20mineral%20resources%20proven%20have,stibnite%2C%20mirabilite%2C%20and%20wollastonite

https://www.mnr.gov.cn/sj/sjfw/kc_19263/zgkczybg/202010/P020201022612392451059.pdf

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1)

2) Apart froChina's national water grid mentioned in the article, give an example of an infrastructure in China that has similar uses. Compare and explain which is more worthy to be further invested

3) briefly summarises the resources mentioned in the given article.

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Link for Q2
https://chinadialogue.net/en/cities/the-next-phase-of-chinas-water-infrastructure-a-national-water-grid/

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China's mega water projects, such as the Three Gorges Dam and the South-to-North Water Diversion project (SNWD), are famous.

There is a sense in some quarters that the country is shifting from an emphasis on "hard" water infrastructure to more "soft" regulatory policy, and perhaps also from a focus on safety (flood prevention) and supply to projects that emphasise ecological improvement such as pollution control and urban greening. Whilst there is no doubt that China's water policy and regulation is becoming more sophisticated, we argue that China's water infrastructure construction has continued to accelerate, and that ecological improvement plays only a modest part in this growth.

Nevertheless, there are important changes in the character of that construction. What we are witnessing is a new phase of Chinese water management in which a national "water grid" is being developed, fed by inter-basin transfers, and in which the existing water network is being elaborated.

A new type of infrastructure boom

Far from signalling the end of major water infrastructure projects, the completion of the eastern and middle routes of the SNWD in 2014 coincided with an announcement by the State Council of 172 major new water infrastructure projects. By the end of 2019, 142 of these had commenced construction, with 17 of the remaining 30 projects shifted to a second round. That second round of 150 projects was announced in 2020 by the State Council, in part as a response to the floods of summer 2020. The Guiding Opinions on the Implementation of Major National Network Projects released in January 2022 point to the Chinese government's plans to further expand water investment during the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021-2025).

Information about the "172 + 150" projects has to be pieced together from official websites of government agencies at different levels. We found that the projects include new dams, diversions and pumping stations to increase supply, control floods, raise irrigation supply and efficiency, and move water between regions. They also include large ecological improvement projects. If completed, the 172 + 150 projects will increase the quantity of water available for use nationally by 122 billion m ³ annually (which is about a 20% increase), save 26 billion m 3 of irrigation water annually, increase flood control storage capacity by 31.6 billion m ³ (for comparison, this is equivalent to about half of the annual flow in the Yellow River) and increase China's irrigated area by about 10% (107 million mu). The total estimated investment will be 2.99 trillion yuan (US$470 billion).

On paper, there are four main types of infrastructure projects: inter-basin water diversion projects (36% of expenditure); water source projects, in which large dams or pumping stations are built to increase local water supply (13%); enhancement of flood control capacity in dams and lakes (36%); and new irrigation systems (15%). In reality, there is some overlap in these figures, where projects have multiple uses, such as dams for both flood control and water supply. Forty percent of the investment in these projects goes toward water for household and industrial use, another 20% for irrigation, and only 1% for ecological restoration (the remainder is primarily for flood control).

Between 2008 and 2019 there was a spectacular seven-fold increase in annual expenditure on water infrastructure projects. The major boost in investment began with the 172 + 150 projects after 2014. In 2001, flood control was the largest construction category, with 55% of investment, but this had fallen to 34% by 2019, although it still constitutes the largest number of projects. Investment in hydropower projects has also declined slightly. Projects aimed at increasing supply (predominantly dams and inter-basin transfers) have consistently grown in importance over time, becoming the most important category after 2007 (about 50% of investment in 2015). The volume of water allocated to "ecological water" (supplied to rivers, lakes and wetlands, and for landscaping and environmental sanitation) has doubled from 10 billion m 3 to 20 billion m ³ since 2014, but this still only makes up about 3% of total water use. The enormous increase in water available for use from these two rounds of projects is equal to four times the capacity of the SNWD's middle route.

A multi-layered grid

There are three distinctions between the two rounds of projects. The first is in geographical focus. The main focus of the first round of projects was in the Yangtze, Songhua and Liao River basins, expanding the water grid's main skeleton. While the second round of projects focused more on flood management, irrigation supply and environmental flows in the Yellow River. The focus on the Yellow River is in line with the 14th Five Year Plan, which pays renewed attention to so-called high quality development proposal s for the Yellow River.

The second distinction is an increase in the number of ecological water projects, suggesting that environmental flows are being given heightened priority in the 14th Five Year Plan period (2021-2025). The third is the idea of "smart" water projects, which are a new category introduced in the second round. There are five such projects in which hydrology and water resource information will be carefully monitored and digitalised in an attempt to micro-manage the whole hydraulic infrastructure system. Even so, the largest number of projects retain the traditional goals of flood control, water diversion and irrigation supply.

Despite these differences, the SNWD and the 172 + 150 projects have common justifications: that water resources are unevenly distributed in China and that water is not located where development has occurred or should occur. The volume of water shifted by inter-basin transfer projects has steadily increased, reaching 48.5 billion m ³ per year by 2016 (equivalent to ~8% of national water use). Nearly 40% of the investment in the 172 projects consists of 16 major inter-basin transfers, distributed all over the country.

In terms of governance, the current plan is to assign each of the four main layers of China's administrative hierarchy to perform specific duties. The central government is responsible for the "main skeleton" of the system: in addition to the "three verticals, four horizontals" of the SNWD (the three south-to-north planned routes of the SNWD linking four west-to-east flowing rivers), it will also be responsible for new water transfer projects, including the Han River to the Wei River, the Yangtze River to the Huai River basin, canals from the SNWD to Xiong'an, and drinking water supply reservoirs in Inner Mongolia and the Beibu Gulf. Provincial governments will be responsible for linking their major hydraulic infrastructure within the provinces to this national main skeleton. Municipal- and county-level governments will be expected to focus on linking irrigation areas and local urban water systems to the main provincial networks.

Water security redefined?

The nature of this emerging network brings into question water scarcity and geographic imbalance as defining features of China's water profile. The development of a national water grid elaborates the existing water infrastructure system to coordinate the use of existing dams and river systems - often by diverting that water to neighbouring basins. The emergence of this water 'skeleton' already challenges notions of regional natural water availability: cities in the north are now drawing on multiple sources of water, some from very far away. At regular intervals, we hear of impending regional water (and by extension, geopolitical) crisis in China; if it works, the water network will render these scenarios increasingly unlikely.

The 12th and 13th Five Year Plans strongly emphasised improved water quality and improved general amenity. The result has been some redirection of water for ecological purposes, reflected in the plans to develop Xiong'an, outside Beijing, with extensive urban water area requiring over 500 million m³ of transferred water annually. As noted above, investment in ecological water has increased, but the amount of water used for this purpose is still small. Thus, it is too early to argue that environmental purposes now dominate Chinese water investment; nevertheless, this does point to a fundamental shift in priorities. The greening of urban space and improvements in water quality in river channels will be used as key indicators for evaluating China's water security. This does not appear to be a "quick fix", merely flushing polluted river channels and lakes; rather, the aim is to improve water quality from Class V (not for any use) to Class III (minimum drinkable standard).

While mega infrastructure projects like the Three Gorges Dam and the SNWD have long been in the headlines, China has been quietly moving towards a highly integrated water supply network that has massively increased the water available for cities and irrigators and is allowing the government to monitor and to some extent control how water flows at the national scale all the way through to the level of counties. The completion of mega water projects has not signalled the end of infrastructure construction. Instead, the pace of water construction has rapidly increased, especially with the 172 + 150 projects post-2014.

Such a national water supply network represents a continuation of some past emphases, such as the focus on concrete-heavy infrastructure, but also represents a shift in ambition and a new attention to environmental concerns. Increasingly, such a network will consolidate control over water supply at the national level and allow the Chinese state to move water around at an unprecedented scale.
Acknowledgements: the authors would like to acknowledge the broader project team that includes Michael Webber, Ian Rutherfurd, Mark Wang, Zhao Yue, Shi Chenchen, Zhen Nahui, Jon Barnett, and Han Xiao.

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The next phase of China's water infrastructure: a national water grid

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China's mega water projects, such as the Three Gorges Dam and the South-to-North Water Diversion project (SNWD), are famous. There is a sense in some quarters that the country is shifting from an emphasis on "hard" water infrastructure to more "soft" regulatory policy, and perhaps also from a focus on safety (flood prevention) and supply to projects that emphasise ecological improvement such as pollution control and urban greening.

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1. Name THREE social issues China was suffering from before the reform

2.  Suggest and explain how covid-19 has affected the economy of China

3. With reference to the articles, how did China’s manufacturing industry after reform attribute to the country’s GDP?

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1. China has increased their national defense expenditure throughout 2000-2019.
2. Yes. According to my own knowledge, among top the top ten countries with the highest spending on national defense, Chinas per capita national defense spending was the lowest. This shows China’s attempt to maintain a peaceful environment for development rather than aggressively dominating the world. Hence, peace is being promoted.
3. It is important as it allows China to adapt to the development trend of a new military revolution in the world and fulfilling the national security needs.

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1. In 2019 and 2020, China’s number of applications for international patents was ranked first among the world. The development of high technology such as AI and digital economy was very important since they prosper and continues to be innovative which leads to the rapid expansion of the technology industry.
2. This is because China has been increasing their R&D expenditure, proposing series of development plans on basic scientific research, high level technological research, development of fundamental technological conditions and transformation of technological achievements. These major plans helped advance China’s technological research and development.
3. Development plans on basic scientific research, high level technological research, development of fundamental technological conditions and transformation of technological achievements.

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1. Unemployment, Poverty, Urban-Rural disparity.
2. China’s economy slowed with annualized GDP growth and fell down to its second lowest level since 1992. Economy recovery was being hampered by the combined negative effects of COVID-19 and a falling property market. In addition, due to the outbreak of the pandemic, a huge less amount of people travel overseas and many governments banned certain countries from visiting their own country. This led to a huge drop in the economy of the tourism industry. The pandemic also led to persistent geopolitical conflicts, climbing inflation and the Fed's aggressive rate hikes gather over global economy.
3. In 2021, China's GDP came to account for 18.5 percent of the world economy, up 7.2 percentage points over the past 10 years, and its foreign trade in goods accounted for 13.5 percent of the world's total.

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1 The technological improvement in airplane industry, for example China now have the ability to develop their own airplanes, 7617 is the model that China have invented on their own. China's homegrown passenger plane C919 took off on its maiden flight in 2017. The aircraft is driving the growth of airplane materials manufacturing, electronic engineering, automation and mechanical manufacturing.

The country's latest J-20 stealth fighters were commissioned into air force combat service in February. With cutting-edge technologies, the fighter jets enable the air force to better safeguard the nation's sovereignty and national security.

2It is because China have put a lot of resources into it by inventing a pretty penny and use capital to attract people from all around the world to develop skills in China. Also well use China people. there were no more than 50,000 scientists and technicians in China. Among them, only 500 were engaged in scientific research in just over 30 research institutions across the country. In November 1949, the Chinese Academy of Sciences was established by merging the old Central Research Academy of China and Beijing Research Institute. Since then, the central and local government departments have set up various research institutions. Many intellectuals working and studying abroad returned to their motherland for their contribution, and various kinds of technicians and profession also were recruited from society. These measures, together with the rapid growth of the national education, have greatly increased the number of scientific and technological personnel and thus the scientific and technological level.

3More achievements can be seen in various fields, including quantum communication, radio signal detection, neutrino research, and artificial intelligence.China announced its opening-up in 1978, and the National Science Conference held the same year was a milestone that initiated scientific development. The conference carried out the government's policy in support of science and technology. A major speech by then-Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping stressed that science and technology are productive forces.Since then, the country has undergone a period of rapid development in science and technology, striving to reach the world's most advanced level. Making China having a top place in technology industry and innovation in the world.

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1) Social unrest, unemployment, discrimination

2) Due  to the pandemic, citizens in China are not allowed to leave their house a few years ago. Without people on the streets, nearly all shops, restaurants, bars, etc, lost of their customers, resulting in a decrease in the income and outputs. Leading to significant economic loss of the shop & mall owners. Besides, covid 19 devastated some industries like leisure and hospitality, barely impacted others. The unemployment rate quickly increases while the economic growth decreases rapidly.

3) Tens of thousands of young workers have lost work - adding to a jobs crisis where one in five people aged 16 to 24 are unemployed. This could hurt China's manufacturing, productivity and growth in the long run. Also, China's Statistics bureau said in August that profits in the iron and steel industry alone were down by more than 80% in the first seven months of 2022, compared to the same period last year.

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[education]Chloe Chow, Eva Chow, Natalie Chan

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[education]Chloe Chow, Eva Chow, Natalie Chan

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http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-05/19/c_139955395.htmChina allocates more subsidies for balanced compulsory education

https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-larger-meaning-of-chinas-crackdown-on-school-tutoring

https://youtu.be/475eHdI0js0

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1. What has implemented over the years? How has it greatly improved students’ education?

2. Why China is believed to have the best education system? Please explain with two points.

3. How many years of free education is provided in China? Why free education is offered?

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1. Compulsory education law and 9-year Compulsory education have been implemented. This provide opportunities for all adolescents to achieve an all-rounded development. Also, China has implemented Double Reduction which ease the burden of excessive homework and off-campus tutoring, less workload.

2. China creates a blend of the Eastern and Western education system. Teaching students to be hard-working, persistent, deep-thinkers. At the same time fusing the western education, encourage students to ask questions and be confident in their judgement. These help the students to be all-rounded and improve their skills. Also, China students ranked first in reading, mathematic and science. This proves that the education system in China is the best.

3. 9 years. This helps teenagers and children to achieve an all-round development ( morally, intellectually & physically ) and fulfill citizen’s obligations. At the same time, this helps the students to find out own unique ability to become skilled workforce. Also, enhance the country’s citizen literacy levels and maintain enough workforce for country’s economic growth.

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Q.2 The article has also mentioned the South-to-North Water Diversion project (SNWD), another huge water infrastructure project in China.