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- theoretical maximum that can be achieved

- formula: C = B log₂ (1+SNR)

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- theoretical maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel

- formula: 2*BW*log₂ L

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- used to measure the quality of the system and indicates the strength of signal in comparison to the noise power in the system, the higher the ratio the better the quality (referred to as SNRdB)

– values of SNR and SNRdB for noiseless channels are infinite

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spikes induced from power lines like lightnings

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the sound of motors and appliances between two wires

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noise from motors and appliances like antennas

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extra signals generated from random electron noises in the wire

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there are 4 types of noise

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- Composite signal changes form or shape

- Each frequency component with different propagation speeds arrive with different delays at the receiver, which results in different phases received in comparison to the phases each of them had at the source.

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amplifiers, it compensates the loss of energy by amplifying (in other words, the gain of power) the wave, making it similar to its original form)- measurement (dB = 10log₁₀(output signal/input signal))

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attenuation or in other words, loss of power, is caused by the loss of energy when waves travel through mediums which has resistance, causing a weaker signal to be transmitted

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Frequency Domain for Nonperiodic Digital Signal 

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Frequency Domain for Nonperiodic Digital Signal 

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Signals can also be represented by a magnitude and phase as a function of frequency, but since this is periodic, it has a regular interval and pattern

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Time Domain for Nonperiodic Digital Signal 

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Time Domain for Nonperiodic Digital Signal 

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usually voltage of current is expressed as a function of time and since it is nonperiodic, it has a regular interval and pattern

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Frequency Domain for Periodic Digital Signal 

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Frequency Domain for Periodic Digital Signal 

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Signals can also be represented by a magnitude and phase as a function of frequency, but since this is periodic, the signal here has a regular interval and pattern

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Time Domain for Periodic Digital Signal 

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Time Domain for Periodic Digital Signal 

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In time domain, voltage or current is usually expressed as a function of time, but since this is periodic, the signal here has a regular interval and pattern

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where the bandwidths don’t start from 0

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- Change the digital signal to analog before transmissions, allows us to use bandpass channels

- more available than low pass

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Baseband Transmission using a Dedicated Medium 

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Baseband Transmission using a Dedicated Medium 

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in LAN-the entire bandwidth is used for one single channel

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- a low pass channel that doesn’t require the digital signal to be converted to analog before transmitting, the required bandwidth is proportional to the bit rate, or in other words, the more the bandwidth the faster it sends

- To preserve the shape of the digital signal a low pass channel with a very wide bandwidth is needed

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Digital Signal as a Composite Analog Signal

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Digital Signal as a Composite Analog Signal

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Digital signal is a composite analog signal with infinite bandwidth

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Number of bit digits needed to represent an integer in binary form

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Jumlah bit yang terkirim dalam 1 detik yang dinyatakan dengan satuan bps

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Calculating the number of bits for levels

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Calculating the number of bits for levels

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Calculate the number of bits for each level uses the formula log ₂(number of level/(s)

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Rentang frequensi yang terkandung dalam sinyal komposit

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Kombinasi antara beberapa gelombang sinusoidal dengan amplitude, fase, dan frequensi yang berbeda

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hubungan antara amplitude dan frekuensi

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Perubahan sinyal amplitude terhadap waktu

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Jarak antara satuan berulang dari sebuah pola gelombang, tergantung pada frekuensi dan mediumnya, lambangnya lambda

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Posisi awal gelombang relative terhadap waktu yang dilihat dari 0, fase diukur dalam derajat atau radian.

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Banyaknya periode yang berulang dalam 1 detik, satuannya adalah hertz. Frekuensi berbanding lurus dengan periode.

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banyaknya waktu dalam detik dalam satu siklus, satuannya adalah s, dan periode berbanding lurus dengan frequensi

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Nilai absolut dari intensitas sinyal proporsional terhadap kekuatan energi dari sinyal tersebut, dan ini diukur dalam satuan volt

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sine wave merupakan bentuk dasar, dan terdiri atas 3 parameter yaitu amplitude, frekuensi dan fasa.

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tidak memiliki pola atau siklus berulang

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ada siklus atau pengulangan periode dalam seland waktu tertentu

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Signal yang merupakan bentuk sampling dari sinyal analog, berikan informasi yang berubah seketika, bentuknya diskrit yang mewakili urutan pulsa tegangan dalam 0s dan 1s, dapat memiliki hanya sejumlah nilai dalam suatu jangkauan

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Signal yang memberikan informasi tanpa putus-putus, bentuknya gelombang yang merepresentasikan gelombang electromagnetic yang kontinu, dapat memiliki jumlah yang tak terbatas dalam suatu jangkauan

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Discrete data

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Continuous data

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the signals that are transferred through transmission media are not perfect, the signal at the beginning of the medium is different from what is at the end of the medium, these transmission impairments are caused by attenuation, distortion and noise

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it is the ones and zeros used for encoding, a composite analog signal with an infinite bandwidth, it can have more two levels and more than 1 bit per level

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ada dua klasifikasi, simple yaitu gelombang sinusoidal yang tidak dapet dibuat lebih sederhana atau gabungan yaitu sinyal yang terbentuk dari beberapa sinyal

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Network communications in a computer are split into 7 layers of the OSI model, or the Open Systems Interconnection model, amongst them all lies the first layer, the physical layer, where data is transmitted over a medium in the form of bits, also providing mechanical and electrical specifications