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The California Gold Rush lasted from 1848 to 1855.

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The California Gold Rush was sparked by the discovery of gold nuggets in the Sacramento Valley in early 1848.

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Some methods of gold mining are: Panning, Cradling, Puddling and Sluicing.

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The rush for gold redirected the technologies of communication and transportation and accelerated and expanded the reach of the American and British Empires.

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Miners extracted more than 750,000 pounds of gold during the California Gold Rush.

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The chinese inmigrants in California came in 1838, because of the economical and political trouble in  China and the Gold Rush, that was intented to return to their country as wealthy people.

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Chinese immigrants in the 19th century worked in the California Gold Rush and the Central Pacific Railroad. They also worked in the garment industry, etc.

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Chinese immigrants were being viewed as inferior and undesirable population, and as an threat to American culture. They endured a lot of violent racist attacks, and worked in very dangerous conditions.

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In the summer of 1885, there were scattered threats against and beatings of Chinese men, warning the Chinese to leave Wyoming Territory. 28 Chinese were killed, 15 wounded and all 79 houses destroyes.

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As the numbers of Chinese laborers increased, so did the strength of anti-Chinese sentiment. In 1880, the resulting Angell Treaty permitted the United States to restrict, but not completely prohibit, Chinese immigration.

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The Chinese immigrants were mainly peasant farmers who left

home because of economic and political troubles in China.

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Postive aspects: Significant industrial and agricultural

development and economic growth, reshaped the local demographics.

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Negative aspects: Increased violence against Native Americans, and intense discrimination to immigrants from China.

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The technique of hydraulic mining brought enormous profits  but destroyed much of the region’s landscape.

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A 3,075 km continous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the US railroad network with the Pacific Coast.

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Connecting the two American coasts made the economic export of Western resources to Eastern markets easier than ever before.

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The  railroad also facilitated westward expansion, escalating conflicts between Native American tribes and settlers who now had easier access to new territories

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- Disagreement over slavery

- States vs federal right

- The election of abraham lincoln

- The economy

- The attack of fort sumter

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Abraham Lincoln: 16th president of the US

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Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederate States of America

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Andrew Johnson: A senator and later president of the US

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Period after the American Civil War from 1865 to 1877. United States grappled with the challenges of reintegrating into the Union the states the legal status of African Americans.

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In the Reconstruction era, African Americans voted in large numbers and held public office at almost every level, including in both houses of Congress.

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This provoked a violent backlash from whites who did not want to relinquish supremacy. The backlash succeded, and the promises of Reconstruction were mostly unfulfilled.

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-Slavery: underclass of Southern society.

-Union victory-> Emancipation

-Post-war plan -> Reconstruction.

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-Radical Republicans & Freedmen

-Moderate (LINCOLN)

-Southern Democrat

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13th Amendment, 14th Amendment, 15th Amendment.

However, states were allowed complete autonomy regarding local and state electoral laws.

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·State and local governments to limit the voting abilities of Black people.

·Blacks would engage actively in voting and in political life.

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White Democrats used the state and local governments

to severely curtail the civil rights of Blacks.

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-The South became backwards, sense of abandonment from the North, attempts to revitalize the economy, public education remained inferior for Blacks.

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President Grant represses the various Redeemer

groups with varied success.
-Republican Party becomes split
-Panic of 1873
-Compromise of 1877

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·Tragedy of Reconstruction and the post-bellum South: while slavery was abolished, and secessionism was destroyed, the progress on Civil Rights wasn’t unfinished, but outright aborted.

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Thw World War began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. It lasted until 1918.

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During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Canada, Japan and the United States (the Allied Powers).

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World War I began when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. It spread rapidly because they were involved in Treaties that obligated them to defend certain other nations.

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In the west, Germany attacked first Belgium and then France. In the east, Russia attacked both Germany and Austria-Hungary. In the south, Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia.

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Following the Battle Of The Marne (September 5–9, 1914), the western front became entrenched in central France and remained that way for the rest of the war. The fronts in the east also gradually locked into place.

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The Ottoman Empire was brought into the fray as well, after Germany tricked Russia into thinking that Turkey had attacked it. As a result, much of 1915 was dominated by Allied actions against the Ottomans in the Mediterranean.

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The middle part of the war, was dominated by continued Trench Warfare in both the east and the west. Soldiers fought from dug-in positions, striking at each other with Machine Guns, Heavy Artillery, and Chemical Weapons.

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The United States Entrance and Russia’s Exit

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The United States Entrance and Russia’s Exit

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In early April, the United States, angered by attacks upon its ships in the Atlantic, declared war on Germany. Then, in November, the Bolshevik Revolution prompted Russia to pull out of the war.

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Although both sides launched Renewed Offensives in an all-or-nothing effort to win the war, both efforts failed. The fighting between demoralized troops continued to plod along until the Germans began to fall back.

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As a result, Austria-Hungary was broken up into several smaller countries. Germany, under the Treaty Of Versailles, was punished with hefty economic reparations, territorial losses, and strict limits on its rights to develop militarily.

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The war ended in the late fall of 1918, after the member countries of the Central Powers signed Armistice Agreements one by one. Germany was the last, signing its armistice on November 11, 1918.