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Horace Mann
- led movement to increase elementary schooling and improve quality of instruction
- Mann lengthened the school year, established teaching standards in reading and math, and recruited well educated women as teachers

Dorothea Dix
- Dix was model for improving public institutions
- strong sense of moral purpose, used money from grandparents to set up charity schools for less fortunate children

Improving Prisons and Asylums
- also led by Dix
- enlarged hospitals for mentally ill prisoners, established asylums for the mentally ill people
- Dix's reports and agitation encouraged states to improve hospitals and prisons

Catharine Beecher
- intellectual leader of new women educators
- helped women be a part of American public life

Significance: The educational and prison reform helped improve our public instutitions and educational standards. This changed the US because it set a foundation for our public instutitions now.

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Seneca Falls
- first women's rights convention was located in Seneca Falls

Declaration of Sentiments
- women gathered to create Declaration of Sentiments, a description on the repeated injuries of man towards women

Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- one of the leading activists of the women's rights movement
- worked closely with Susan B. Anthony
- Quaker, wanted more rights for women

Lucretia Mott
- Quaker, women's rights activist, reformer
- strong advocate for ending slavery

Significance: The women's rights movement helped to gain rights for women. Even though not all equality was achieved, such as wages in the workplace, it was and still is one of the most successful reforms today.

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Know Nothing Party
- origins in anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic movements of the 1840s
- Republicans faced strong competition from the American, or Know Nothing Party

German Irish Immigrants
- Irish men and owmen in NYC numbered 200,000 and Germans 110,000
- German shop signs, German foods, food customs, etc. became part of the city's culture
- impoverished Irish migrants found allies in the American Catholic Church

NY Anti-Immigrant Gangs
- Gangs of B'hoys assaulted Irish youths in streets
- employers restrcted Irish workers to most menial jobs
- Oneida contributed to commercialized sex and male promiscuity in NYC

Washington Temperance Society
- found by Mormons, prohibited the use of alcohol
- strived for perfectionism and no sin

Significance: Immigration reflected how the US responded to new people coming into our country. Instead of responding nicely, they responded with hate and violence. This changed American society because the Know Nothing Party will later be relevant again against the Republicans.

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Minstrelsy
- popular entertainment was central part of new urban culture
- entertainment consisted of bloody animal fighting, billiard, theatres, circuses, etc.
- began in around 1830, started out with racist jokes (painting blackface and dancing silly dances) towards African Americans that portrayed them as lazy, irresponsible, while using them to criticize white society

Female Moral Reform Society
- by joining religious revivals and reform movements, women re-entered public life
- activism caused gender issues
- activists demanded complete equality and others focused on just women's rights

Temperance Movement
- focused on not drinking because drinking = sinning

Commercialized Sex
- women were considered as belonging to men
- Harriet Jacobs, a black abolitionist and slave, described forced sexual interactions with her owner

Significance: This changed the US because it created new entertainment industries that are still active now. The suffrage reforms, temperance movements, and commercialized sex also tells us a lot about how people viewed women and alcohol.

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Revivals
- as Americans adopted new religious principles, religious revivals during the 2nd Great Awakening made the US a Christian society
- spread message in seacoast cities and backcountry of New England

Evangelicalism
- evangelical religion was initially a disruptive force because many ministers valued spiritual equality and criticized slavery

Charles Finney
- central message was that "God has made man a moral free agent"
- doctrine of free will was attractive to middle class who already accepted personal responsiblity for their lives, improved their material condition, and welcomed Finney's assurance that heaven was within their grasps
- Finney led a series of enormously successful revivals in NY and other cities

Black Christianity
- other evangelists persuaded planters to spread Protestant Christianity among their African American slaves
- in the mid 1780s, Baptist and Methodist preachers converted many African Americans along the James River in Virginia and throughout the Chesapeake and Carolinas

Significance: The Second Great Awakening was the movement that helped to make the US a religious country. This changed the US because it helped introduce religion to America.

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Mormonism
- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
- perpetuate close-knit communities and patriarchal power

Brigham Young
- religious leader and politician
- led the Mormons from Illinois to Salt Lake in present day Utah

Mormon Trail
- when Brigham Young led the Mormons from Illinois to Salt Lake om Utah, the Mormon Trail was the path they took

Religious Persecution
- mistreatment to religious groups because of their faith or lack of faith

1st Amendment - Freedom of Religion
- prevents Congress from establishing a law that prohibits practicing religion

Significance: Mormonism was and still is one of the most influential and fastest growing religions in the US. This reform changed the US by introducing a new religion and increasing the need for the 1st Amendment, so that people who practiced religion would not be persecuted.

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Utopias
- wanting to create ideal communities that would allow people to live differently and realize their spiritual potential
- popular culture that challenged societal norms (sexual norms, racist feelings, etc.) and encouraged new ways of dress and behavior

Shakers
- led by Mother Ann who had a vision that she was an incarnation of Christ
- disciplined and religious community, rituals consisted of dancing, which is where the name "Shakers" derives from
- repudiated male leadership and place community governance in both men and women

Oneida
- led by John Humphrey Noyes
- turned to perfectionism, wanted to free women from their status as the property of their husbands, restricted their sexual lives and use his position of power to manipulate the sexual lives of his followers

Fourierist Socialism
- liberate workers from capitalist employers and minial and slavish system of laboring for money and wages
- as Shakers' growth slowed, Fourierist movement mushroomed

Significance: Utopias created religious communities with different values, such as the Mormons who are still active today. There were good values that came out of utopias, such as challenging societal norms, but there were also negative outcomes, such as manipulating sexual lives of your religious followers.

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Transcendentalism
- intellectual movement started in New England, questioning constraints of Puritan heritage
- inspired by European romanticism, developing a new conception of self and society

Ralph Waldo Emerson
- leading voice of transcendentalism
- Unitarian

Henry David Thoreau
- New England intellectual that took inspiration from Emerson and the natural world

Leaves of Grass
- a collection of poems published in 1855 and constantly revised by Walt Whitman that explains an extended metaphor between the individual and nature/the surrounding environment

Significance: New religious and intellectual ideas brought art and literature to the US. This changed American society because the US tried to adopt European romanticism while also changing how religion was viewed in the US.