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With the napoleon invation in spain, Napoleon named his brother (José Bonaparte) King of Spain  to substitute of Charles Vl, he was named pepe botella  for drinking a lot.
With the change of the king in (1812) it was created and aproved The Constitution of Cádiz among other things limited the power of the monarchy, abolished feudalism, provided equality between Spanish born Spaniards and Americans, and ended the Spanish inquisition. Goya drew paintings contain images of violence, despair, evil, and longing. They are the pessimistic expressions of an aging, deaf artist who was disillusioned with society and struggling with his own sanity.
In 1813, Napoleon agreed to recognize Ferdinand VII de Bourbon again as King of Spain. He had kept him imprisoned in France since his abdication in 1808. He therefore returned to Spain in 1814 after having spent five years in captivity in France.

He imposed absolutism and declared the courts of Cádiz illegal

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The Trienni Liberal was a liberal period of the reign of Ferdinand VII, which began with the pronouncement of Riego on January 1, 1820 in Las Cabezas de San Juan, who had been tasked with leading an expedition against the insurgents of the colonies of America

The Congress of Viena of 1815 and the Saint Alliance,  However, the Congress of Vienna for the first time attempted to create a “Congress System '' which aimed at the future and regular coordination between the Great Powers. This resulted in the Quadruple/Holy Alliance of 1815

the invasion of 100.000 sons of Saint Louis (another french invasion -this one absolutist-,

the death of Fernando VlI and the “Pragmática sanción” to cede the kingdom to his daughter, Isabel II… she could not be queen because she was 3 years old and her mother governed in her name supported by moderate liberals.

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The isabelists were moderate liberals in favor of isabel ll and the carlists were the people in favor of absolutism and monarchy of Carlos Hugo. The confrontations between the Carlists and the Liberals had three notable episodes in the 19th century: the three Carlist wars.  The territories that supported carlism were the countryside and the small cities of the Basque Country and Navarra supported the pretender Carlos mainly due to his regional traditionalism, thanks to the support given by the local lower clergy. Don Carlos, was supported by absolutist powers such as Russia, Prussia or Austria. ascual Madoz Ibañez was a liberal Spanish politician. He was deputy in the Spanish Courts and Minister of Finance. Confiscation was a long historical-economic process initiated in the Spanish state in 1798 by Manuel Godoy and closed well into the 20th century.

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THE LOSS OF THE AMERICAN SPANISH EMPIRE ( 1810-1825)

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THE LOSS OF THE AMERICAN SPANISH EMPIRE ( 1810-1825)

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The Portuguese empire was one of the ten most important civilizations of the century and the first multi continental. The Portuguese Empire became part of the Spanish Monarchy during the reign of Felipe II and was separated in the reign of Felipe IV (1580-1640) and they became independent in 1975

The american countries wanted to become independent due to the lack of resources to maintain the empire and that they were considered inferior to the Spanish population and had fewer rights, date of independence of some countries:

Ecuador: August 10, 1809. ...

Colombia: July 20, 1810. ...

Chile: September 18, 1810. ...

Paraguay: May 14, 1811. ...

Venezuela: July 5, 1811. ...

Argentina: July 9, 1816. ...

Brazil: September 7, 1822.

The most important figures of independence of american were:

Simón Bolívar was a revolutionary leader who fought for the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Ecuador.

Antonio José de Sucre was a Venezuelan military and politician. Sucre was one of the most outstanding leaders of the independence process of the South American countries and a friend of Simón Bolívar.

Miguel Hidalgo was the leader of the New Spanish revolt in favor of the equality of all the ethnic groups of the viceroyalty and the redistribution of the land, in addition to supporting Ferdinand VII against the invading forces of Napoleon.

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AMADEO DE SABOYA YEARS AND THE FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC

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AMADEO DE SABOYA YEARS AND THE FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC

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Revolution of 1868,

In the autumn of 1868 a successful revolution drove her into exile. Isabella settled in Paris, where in 1870 she abdicated in favour of her eldest surviving son, the future Alfonso XII (1874–85). She returned to Spain for a time after Alfonso's accession but was unsuccessful in influencing political affairs.

The Glorious Revolution (Spanish: la Gloriosa or la Septembrina) took place in Spain in 1868, resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II. The success of the revolution marked the beginning of the Sexenio Democrático with the installment of a provisional government.

the italian king Amadeo de Saboya, the 4 presidents in only one year of the 1st Spanish Republic..

Lluís Amadeu de Savoy-Aosta, Duke of Abruzzo was an Italian sailor, explorer and geographer. He was the son of who was briefly king of Spain, Amadeus I. The first adventure that gave him celebrity was the climbing of Mount Saint Elias in Alaska, in 1897, during which the geological origin and altitude of the mountain were determined. Undoubtedly his most famous expedition was the attempt to reach the North Pole aboard the ship Stella Polare between 1899 and 1900.

Presidency of Estanislao Figueras (February 11 - June 11, 1873) was a Catalan politician, was the first president of the government of the First Spanish Republic for barely four months.

Presidency of Francisco Pi y Margall (June 11 - July 18, 1873)  was a Catalan politician who will be the second president of the government of the First Spanish Republic in 1873. His mandate will last for thirty-five days.

Presidency of Nicolás Salmerón (July 18 - September 7, 1873)

Nicolás Salmerón Alonso, Krausist politician, writer and philosopher, was Minister of Justice in the government of Estanislau Figueras and third president of the First Spanish Republic, and suppressed the cantonal uprising. I resigned for not signing some death sentences handed down to restore the discipline of the army.

Presidency of Emilio Castelar (September 7, 1873- January 3, 1874)

Emilio Castelar y Ripoll, Spanish politician and writer, was the fourth and last president of the First Spanish Republic, in its federal variant.

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Reign of Alfonso XIII

(1902-1923)

The reign of Alfonso XIII coincides with a regenerationist era. The political system of the beginning of the century is a liberal monarchy, although not democratic, based on the alternation of the two great parties: the conservative of Cánovas and the liberal of Sagasta.

Alfonso XIII, posthumous son of Alfonso XII, swears on May 17, 1902 before his mother, María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena, regent to date, the Constitution of 1876.

Sagasta died on January 5, 1903. Queen Elizabeth II died in Paris on April 9, 1904. Her remains rest in the Pantheon of Illustrious Men and in the Monastery of El Escorial.

In the session of October 10, 1904, the death of the Princess of Asturias, the King's sister, was reported.

On May 31, 1905, the King suffered an attack in Paris, from which he emerged unharmed. During his reign he visited all the Spanish provinces and made numerous trips abroad.

On May 31, 1906, he married Princess Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg. Returning from the ceremony, on the way to the Royal Palace, they are victims of an attack on Calle Mayor in Madrid. The anarchist Mateo Morral throws a bomb hidden in a bouquet of flowers on his float. The kings are unharmed.

On March 22, 1906, the Fueros Law was approved, harshly repressing crimes against the country and the army, in a context of fear of the government in the face of a coup d'état.