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- The Iraq War was fought between Iraq and a group of countries led by the United States and the United Kingdom.

- March 20, 2003- December 18, 2011?

- U.S. forces invaded Iraq vowing to destroy Iraqi weapons of mass destruction and end the dictatorial rule of Saddam Hussein

- Saddam Hussein was tried and hung

- 2011: US troops left Iraq but in 2014 US needed to intervene again, so troops were sent back.

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- 9/11/2001 in New York City, twin towers and pentagons were hit by a plane

- 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al Qaeda hijacked four airplanes and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States.

- Two of the planes were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon. A 4th plane was supposed to hit the White House, but the flight ended up crashing in a field in Pennsylvania after being overcome by its passengers.

-  Almost 3,000 people were killed during the 9/11 terrorist attacks, which triggered major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism.

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August 2, 1990 – February 28, 1991

-international conflict triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990

- George HW Bush declared cease-fire to end war

- Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, ordered the invasion and occupation of Kuwait to acquire the nation’s large oil reserves, cancel a large debt Iraq owed Kuwait, and expand Iraqi power in the region.

- operations Desert Storm, Desert Sabre, Desert Shield

- US was nervous about terrorism, wanted to protect the citizens, and wanted to capture Saddam Hussein

- 30,000 Iraq forces killed, 292 allied troops killed

-  Saddam Hussein was captured and executed

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- On June 17, 1972, police caught five men breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate complex

- the group had ties to the Committee to Re-Elect the President and to the White House itself.

- whole issue goes to court and VP takes over, pardoned Nixon & Nixon resignation on tv 1974

- President Nixon’s administration clashed with Congress over the details of an extensive cover-up related to the break-in.

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- The American civil rights movement that came to prominence in the 1950s had its roots in the 19th-century struggle to abolish slavery.

- Basic civil rights were granted to emancipated African Americans during the Reconstruction era (1865–77) that followed the Civil War. But almost as soon as Reconstruction ended, white supremacy was reinstitutionalized in the South

- Rosa Parks sparked the bus boycott that inspired mass protests for civil rights reform

- MLK Jr was the most famous and prominent leader advocating for noviolent protests

- Brown vs Board ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitional, led to protests outside schools and abuse toward black students in 1954 in Topeka.

- I Have A Dream speech in 1963, MLK Jr assassinated 1968

- Little Rock 9 : 1st black students to attend an all white high school in 1957

- A lot of retaliation from the community and Arkansas governor Orval Faubus ordered the state's National Guard to block their entrance. U.S. Army troops ultimately was sent in to escort them into the school

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- 1966-1968
-More than 3 million people (including over 58,000 Americans) were killed in the Vietnam War, and more than half of the dead were Vietnamese civilians.
- The Geneva Accords, signed in July 1954, effectively divided Vietnam
- Kennedy wwdid not know how to get the USA out of the war
- The war involved the US, Vietnam, Australia, South Korea, and NZ
- Nixon ended the war but invaded Cambodia
- the use of guerilla troops and chemicals were very dangerous to health and controversial

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- conflict between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) - at least 2.5 million lost their lives
-  in 1950 North Korea supplied and advised by the Soviet Union, invaded the South.
- China fought on the side of North Korea, and the Soviet Union sent them military equipment.
- It also drew the alliances that exist today. The armistice agreement that ended the war is a truce, rather than a peace treaty

k

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- 1945-58
- result of tensions between 2 nations at the end of WWll (US and Soviet Union), emergence of nuclear weapons, fear of communism in USA
- both countries wanted to explore space, and Sputnik's launch (Soviets) angered Americans, so they launched their own satellite the following year
- Soviets ended up becoming the first to launch a man into space

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- established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations
under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.
- The Truman Doctrine arose from a speech delivered by President Truman before a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947.

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- founded in 1945, made up of 193 member states

- commited to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.

- created after and because of WWll to attempt to maintain peace and cooperations

- President died so the U.S. did not end up joining

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- Internees lived in uninsulated barracks furnished only with cots and coal-burning stoves.
-The camps were surrounded by barbed-wire fences patrolled by armed guards who had instructions to shoot anyone who tried to leave.
- The attack on Pearl Harbor also launched a rash of fear about national security
- President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 resulted in the camps
- Japanese Americans were incarcerated for up to 4 years

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- 60 million deaths

- WWll was a continuation of WWl (treaty of versailles offending Germans) and they decided to invade Poland, kickstarting WWll

-US got involved when we provided military aid to allied nations and then Pearl Harbor was bombed

- Germany surrendered 1945, while Japan didn't until that September

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- 1933-1945 Holocaust ; 1939-1945 (US)

- Jews, Roma and Sinti, disabled people, Poles and homosexuals were victims of the Nazi regime

- 11 million people were murdered (6 millions Jews, 1.5 million children)

- victims were held in concentration camps and extremely abused and killed

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- Panic selling began on “Black Thursday,” October 24, 1929.
- Many investors—both institutional and individual—had borrowed or leveraged heavily to buy stocks, and the crash that began on Black Thursday wiped them out financially, leading to widespread bank failures.
-  lost $14 billion that day
-American economy because not only had individual investors put their money into stocks, so did businesses. When the stock market crashed, businesses lost their money.

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- 19th ammendment gave women the right to vote in 1920
- The U.N. first explicitly named women’s suffrage as a human right in 1979.
- The women’s suffrage movement sprung from the abolition movement.

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-Woodrow Wilson was the architect, founded in 1920- final act in 1946
- Founded after WWl but failed to maintain peace during WWll
- had a council of great powers and an assembly of all the member countries
-disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy, and improving global welfare
- The League lacked an armed force of its own to enforce any actions to achieve these aims.

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1. When was the Emancipation Proclamation proclaimed? (month day, year)

- Jan 1, 1863
2. Who was the author??
- Lincoln
3. What was the purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation?

- eradicate slavery

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1. What year was the emancipation proclamation put into effect? -> 1863

- North (union) vs South (confederate)

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- April 25, 1846- Feb 2, 1848

- Texas, New Mexico, California, Northern, Central and Eastern Mexico, Mexico City

- The immediate cause of the Mexican-American War was a disputed boundary between the United States and Texas

- Mexico did not recognize Texas as legitimate American territory and Texas admission to the United States antagonized Mexican officials and citizens

- Americans believed that through Manifest Destiny that God wanted them to have the land

- America won with a Peace Treaty

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- On September 14, 1814, U.S. soldiers at Baltimore's Fort McHenry raised a huge American flag to celebrate a crucial victory over British forces during the War of 1812. The sight of those “broad stripes and bright stars” inspired Francis Scott Key to write a song that eventually became the United States national anthem.
- 4 verses and to the tune of an old drinking game

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1.  What were the years of the War of 1812?
- June 18, 1812- Feb 18, 1815
2. What are the 2 reasons the US went to war?
-Impressment of American into British Navy (kidnapped) and trade restrictions with France from Britain

3. What is this war also called?
- Second War of Independence

-fought between USA and Great Britain
Reasons for war:
- trade restrictions, impressment of 10,000 americans sailors into british navy, british support of native americans fighting american settlers on the frontier

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- bought in 1803, purchased from Spain
- land deal between USA and France, doubling the size of the U.S. for $15 million

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-The belief that the USA was destined to expand from East to West Coast
- late 1700s-1800s
-Consequences: war with mexico
- avoided a war with Britain by drawing the Canadian border
- one of the factors leading to the Civil War

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1. What was the cause of the Revolutionary War?

- Taxation without Representation
2. What was the main reason for war?
- taxation without representation
3. Stamp Acts and Townshed Duties caused colonists to become angry
Once the patriots were clearly going to work, the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783

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1. Where was the Constitutional Convention held?

- Philadalphia

2. Who is the "Father of the Constitution"?

- James Madison

-Had daily meetings from May 25-Sept 1787 intended to revise the Articles of Confederation

-Important people included George Washington, Ben Franklin, and an absent Thomas Jefferson

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written in Phildelphia

formally stated reasons for seperation from England

Thomas Jefferson was main author

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Separatists
- King James l ruled England
-Seps did not want to pledge allegiance to the church of England
- VIrginia comp paid seps to create settlement on East Coast
- Begin journey Aug 1620
-2 ships: Mayflower and Speedwall
- Supposed to land in Virginia but they landed near Cape Cod
- only men were allowed to sign Mayflower Compact (stated that all must stay in cololny and obey laws)

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- Colombus sailed the ocean blue in 1492

- Spain (Queen Isabella) paid for the trip

- He was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. Instead, he stumbled upon the Americas. Intended for the Spice route

-  opened the way for European countries to colonize and exploit those lands and their peoples.

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-11th century/1062 (before Chris Colombus)

-Viking

-Landed in Vineland / Canada