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Is an international organization founded in 1945, originally made up for 51 but currently has grown to 193 Member States.
The UN has evolved over the years to keep pace with a rapidly changing world.
But one thing has stayed the same: it remains the one place on Earth where all the world’s nations can gather together, discuss common problems, and find shared solutions that benefit all of humanity.

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States are admitted to membership by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council and be a Member State automatically make you a General Assembly member.

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Is an international organization that works to build better policies for better lives.

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The goal is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-being for all.

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Together with governments, policy makers and citizens, we work on establishing evidence-based international standards and finding solutions to a range of social, economic and environmental challenges. From improving economic performance and creating jobs to fostering strong education and fighting international tax evasion, we provide a unique forum and knowledge hub for data and analysis, exchange of experiences, best-practice sharing, and advice on public policies and international standard-setting.

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With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries.
Is one of the world’s largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries

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Five institutions of the World Bank Group

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Five institutions of the World Bank Group

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- The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
- The International Development Association (IDA)
- The International Finance Corporation (IFC).
- The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).
- The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).

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~ Antigua and Barbuda.
~ Bhutan.
~ Chad.
~ Dominica.
~ Eswatini.
~ Fiji.
~ Guinea Bissau.
~ Haiti
~ Iceland.
~ Jamaica.
~ Kiribati.
~ Lesotho.
~ Mexico.
~ Nauru.
~ Oman.
~ Palau.
~ Qatar.
~ Rwanda.
~ Sao Tome and Principe.
~ Tonga.
~ Uganda.
~ Vanuatu.
~ Yemen.
~ Zambia.

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- Aruba.
- Benin.
- Comoros.
- Djibouti.
- Eritrea.
- Finland.
- Gambia.
- Honduras.
- Isle of Man.
- Jersey.
- Kygyzstan.
- Liberia.
- Marshall Islands.
- Niger.
- Oman.
- Panama.
- Qatar.
- Romania.
- Saint Lucia.
- Tokelau.
- Uruguay.
- Venezuela.
- Wallis and Futuna.
- Yemen.
- Zimbabwe.

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We provide a wide array of financial products and technical assistance, and we help countries share and apply innovative knowledge and solutions to the challenges they face.

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The World Bank Group works in more than 170 countries, working with partners in the public and private sectors in their efforts to end poverty and tackle some of the most pressing development challenges.
In 7 Country Groups: European Union, Middle Income Countries, Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, Pacific Islands, Small States, Gulf Cooperation Council and Western Europe.

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Is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
It is an organization for trade opening. It is a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements. It is a place for them to settle trade disputes. It operates a system of trade rules. Essentially, the WTO is a place where member governments try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other.

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The overall objective of the WTO is to help its members use trade as a means to raise living standards, create jobs and improve people’s lives. The WTO operates the global system of trade rules and helps developing countries build their trade capacity. It also provides a forum for its members to negotiate trade agreements and to resolve the trade problems they face with each other.

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1. Trade negotiations.

2. Implementation and monitoring.

3. Dispute settlement.

4. Building trade capacity.

5. Outreach.

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Non-discrimination.

Opening trade.

Predictability and transparency.

Fair competition.

Support for less developed countries.

Protection of the environment.

Inclusion.

Partnerships.

Digital trade.

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164 members since July 29th 2016 , with dates of WTO membership, representing 98 per cent of world trade.
Some of the countries members of the WTO are:
Austria, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, France, Ghana, Hungary, Israel, Jamaica, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Mozambique, Norway, Oman, Peru, Qatar, Romania, Suriname, Togo, United States, Viet Nam, Yemen and Zambia.

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Treating foreigners and locals equally  

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Treating foreigners and locals equally  

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Imported and locally-produced goods should be treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have entered the market. The same should apply to foreign and domestic services, and to foreign and local trademarks, copyrights and patents. This principle of “national treatment” (giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals) is also found in all the three main WTO agreements (Article 3 of GATT, Article 17 of GATS and Article 3 of TRIPS), although once again the principle is handled slightly differently in each of these.

National treatment only applies once a product, service or item of intellectual property has entered the market. Therefore, charging customs duty on an import is not a violation of national treatment even if locally-produced products are not charged an equivalent tax.

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Under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners. Grant someone a special favour (such as a lower customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.

It is so important that it is the first article of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which governs trade in goods. MFN is also a priority in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Article 2) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Article 4), although in each agreement the principle is handled slightly differently. Together, those three agreements cover all three main areas of trade handled by the WTO.
Some exceptions are allowed. For example, countries can set up a free trade agreement that applies only to goods traded within the group —   discriminating against goods from outside. Or they can give developing countries special access to their markets. Or a country can raise barriers against products that are considered to be traded unfairly from specific countries. And in services, countries are allowed, in limited circumstances, to discriminate. But the agreements only permit these exceptions under strict conditions. In general, MFN means that every time a country lowers a trade barrier or opens up a market, it has to do so for the same goods or services from all its trading partners — whether rich or poor, weak or strong.

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Refers to imposing national legal and ethical practices on foreign subsidiaries of companies based in their jurisdiction. Companies fear that the laws of their home countries and those of host countries will conflict, because agreements are inevitably made between governments, and companies are caught in the middle.

Companies are affected by the requirement to remit their income or pay taxes on their income abroad; therefore, we must consider trade restrictions, antitrust laws and the control of key sectors.

Within the extraterritoriality there are many commercial restrictions, which occur due to the multiple criticisms that are presented in the international market for applying the commercialization of products to foreign subsidiaries.

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Advanced manufacturing Canada’s Industry 4.0 and next-gen manufacturing technologies are revolutionizing how products and components are designed, manufactured, distributed and repaired across a spectrum of industries and climate conditions.
Agribisuness thanks to world-class regulatory and food inspection standards, and cutting-edge research focused on innovative growing practices, products and technologies.
Life sciences from lifesaving treatments, to pharmaceutical drug therapies, from the development of digital medical technologies and surgical robotics.
Naural resources (mining, forestry, ocean sciences and energy industries).
Technology Canadian tech hubs are a natural draw for conferences across a wide range of sub-sectors
Finance and insurance Canada boasts a strong, globally competitive finance and insurance sector. The country’s banking system ranks second in the G20 and three of its largest life and health insurers rank in the top 15 globally.

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1. Healthcare.

2. Technology.

3. Construction.

4. Retail.

5. Non-durable Manufacturing.

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For the Mexican economy it is vital to maintain electricity and oil production as strategic sectors or key sectors.
Another sectors that have an impact in the mexican economy are manufacturing, commerce, agriculture and mining.

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United Nations. (s. f.). About Us. https://www.un.org/en/about-us
The OECD creates better policies for better lives. Read the OECD’s main figures to find out more about their work: (s. f.). https://www.oecd.org/about/
World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, & Sustainability. (s. f.). World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/home
What is the WTO? (s. f.). https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/thewto_e.htm
WTO | Understanding the WTO - principles of the trading system. (s. f.). https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.htm
Embassy of Mexico United Kingdom. (s. f.). The Economy. Recuperado 18 de febrero de 2023, de https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/reinounido/images/stories/PDF/Meet_Mexico/12_meetmexico-theeconomy.pdf
The 5 Industries Driving the U.S. Economy. (2021, 25 octubre). Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/042915/5-industries-driving-us-economy.asp
Business Events Canada. (s. f.). Economic Sectors. https://businessevents.destinationcanada.com/economic-sectors

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Luis Rodrigo García Rosales
2925779
Topic 4. International Organizations and Institutions
The Socio-Cultural Environment of International Business
February 18th 2023