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Discover encyclopedia articles, multimedia, primary sources, games, and other learning resources that support student research and reinforce curriculum standards.

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Weather & Climate- Core Knowledge Reader

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Weather & Climate- Core Knowledge Reader

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Generation Genius

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Weather describes what is happening in the Earth's atmosphere on any given day. There are many different types of weather such as sunny, windy, rainy, snowy and stormy.
To better understand how weather works...
DEFINITION OF WEATHER. Weather describes what is happening in the Earth's atmosphere on any given day. There are many different types of weather such as sunny, windy, rainy, snowy and stormy. To better understand how weather works...

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Read About Weather | Basic Science for Kids | Grades K-2 [PDF]

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Weather describes what is happening in the Earth's atmosphere on any given day. There are many different types of weather such as sunny, windy, rainy, snowy and stormy. To better understand how weather works... DEFINITION OF WEATHER. Weather describes what is happening in the Earth's atmosphere on any given day.

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Generation Genius reading material

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Difference Between Weather and Climate | Science Lesson for Kids (Grades 3-5)

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Do you know what the difference between weather and climate is? Watch this fun weather & climate video for kids in 3rd, 4th and 5th grade to learn more.

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National Geographic Map Maker (interactive)

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National Geographic Map Maker (interactive)

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Collection of premade map layers

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Sources: Esri, USGS | Esri, FAO, NOAA, USGS

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BBC Bitesize- Latitude, Longitude & Hemispheres

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BBC Bitesize- Latitude, Longitude & Hemispheres

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What is longitude and latitude? - BBC Bitesize

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Discover what longitude and latitude are and understand what the different hemispheres are. Learn how to locate different places in the world.

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Learn about the basic relationship between weather and climate by contrasting the climates of Utah and Thailand. This resource can be used to provide opportunities for students to construct explanations about different climate zones.

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Observe severe weather phenomena in this image gallery from WGBH. Use this resource to provide opportunities for students to observe various severe weather conditions and compare factors across the conditions.

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(US focused)

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Think of how you dress throughout a year. Do you wear more clothes to stay warm during some seasons? Think of outdoor activities, like swimming and sledding. People can swim outdoors on hot summer days. They can sled on a snowy hill on cold winter days.

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Epic video

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Instantly access over 40,000 of the best books & videos for kids on Epic

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VERY US centric

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The United States covers a large area. The weather where you live can be very different from the weather in a city far away. Watch this video of a past weather forecast. Use the text box to record the kinds of weather that are mentioned.

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Long 8+ min

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Contours, keys and symbols - BBC Bitesize

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Ever wondered what all those funny drawings and curved lines are on a map? Find out how to use a map with this year 5/6 BBC Bitesize Geography guide.

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High level

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This map of 2020 population density (people per square kilometer) with areas of higher population in a darker color than lower population regions.

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Political boundaries separate cities, counties, provinces, states, or countries. Explore different administrative boundaries with this map.

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Built on a collection of 40,000+ popular, high-quality books from 250+ of the world's best publishers, Epic safely fuels curiosity and reading confidence for kids 12 and under.

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Built on a collection of 40,000+ popular, high-quality books from 250+ of the world's best publishers, Epic safely fuels curiosity and reading confidence for kids 12 and under. Get Started

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When Chloe is sent off to live with her mysterious and eccentric grandmother, she learns an unbelievable secret. Grandma Ivy is none other than Mother Nature herself! And Chloe is next in line to assume the power and responsibility of the job.

Can a 12-year-old learn to balance the entire world's ecosystem while just trying to fit in at her new school? Only Mother Nature knows. Becoming Mother Nature: the first show in the Natureverse Series.

Follow along with the transcript from episode one here!

"Is it a rainy day? Are you bored? Well, Becoming Mother Nature is an amazing podcast about a girl, Chloe, who goes to live with her grandma. I wish I could give this podcast a 10000000000000 out of 10 but I can't. I LOVE this podcast."

First Listen? Start Here!

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When Chloe is sent off to live with her mysterious and eccentric grandmother, she learns an unbelievable secret. Grandma Ivy is none other than Mother Nature herself! And Chloe is next in line to assume the power and responsibility of the job.

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Fun Kids - the UK's children's radio station

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Marina Ventura’s Climate Explorers - Fun Kids - the UK’s children’s radio station

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Generation Genius reading Material

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DEFINITION OF EXTREME WEATHER

Extreme weather is any weather that falls outside of normal patterns. This includes heavy winds, thunderstorms, floods, heat waves, tornados, hurricanes, hail, and blizzards.
To better understand the different types of extreme weather...

LET'S BREAK IT DOWN!

Extreme weather is a result of natural processes.

All over the globe, weather is something people experience every day. However, there are some types of weather that are so intense that they deserve special mention. This type of weather is known as extreme weather.

Extreme weather causes a lot of damage. Unfortunately we can't eliminate this natural hazard, but we can reduce its impact. One way to lessen the impact is by being prepared.

For example, based on data collected over centuries, we know that the period of time between June 1st and November 30th of each year is when hurricanes are expected to develop in the Atlantic Ocean.

So each year, the people that live near the coast know they should get prepared. Also, engineers develop solutions to protect us from extreme weather, such as with new building methods or inventions to help lessen the damage.

Engineering solutions for coastlines.

Coastal areas experience high waves from extreme weather events such as hurricanes. There are several techniques engineers use to protect coastal areas from flooding or erosion.

Seawalls are concrete walls built along beaches that experience large waves. These physical barriers can block water and prevent flooding as water rises up from storms near the coast.

Seawalls with a curved surface, known as recurved walls, not only block waves but also send waves back out toward the ocean.

Engineers have found that recurved walls are one of the more effective ways to reduce flooding on the coast. Another way to protect against flooding is to construct buildings on stilts or on top of garages to keep water from entering homes.

Engineering solutions for high winds.

Engineers have designed homes with roofs that can stand up to high winds. It is well-known that gable roofs do not hold up well in high winds.

Gable roofs have sides that are straight up and down. When wind hits a gable roof, the wind can push directly against its surface. The force of the wind against the flat roof may push the roof completely off a home.

Engineers recommend a different kind of roof for areas that receive high winds, called a hip roof which has sides that are all slanted up. Instead of the wind pushing directly against the side, it gets deflected up.

Engineering solutions for lightning.

Benjamin Franklin, a founding father of the United States, is famous for using a lightning rod. He wanted to capture electricity to better understand it. He discovered that lightning is electricity moving through the air. When lightning strikes homes, it can damage homes and appliances. We can't prevent lightning, but we can direct its energy into the ground to prevent an electrical surge, which can damage electronics. Lightning rods are made of metal and used to transfer the energy of a lightning bolt to the ground through wires. This directs the electricity through the rod and then straight to the ground, instead of through the building.

Engineering solutions for tornadoes.

Tornadoes are columns of air that spin violently. Tornado winds can reach up to 300 miles per hour, which is strong enough to destroy houses and make trees fly. Engineers are coming up with ways to reduce their destruction. For example, they have developed special building panels that can withstand the winds of a tornado.

EXAMPLES OF EXTREME WEATHER

Special building panels can withstand the winds of a tornado. They can be used to build a safe room in your home. So even if a tornado destroys the house, the room will be intact.

Painting over roads with reflective white paint is one strategy to lower temperatures on paved surfaces. This is one way to lessen the impact of high heat in urban areas.

Tornado Alley stretches from Texas to North Dakota. This area of the United States is known for having more tornadoes than any other area.

EXTREME WEATHER & SOLUTIONS VOCABULARY

An extended period of extremely hot weather.

A large rotating storm with high wind speeds that forms over warm waters.

EXTREME WEATHER & SOLUTIONS DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

We Cover All Major Science Standards in Grades 3-5

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Hurricanes, Tornadoes & Lightning Lesson For Kids | Extreme Weather!

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It was processed successfully! DEFINITION OF EXTREME WEATHER Extreme weather is any weather that falls outside of normal patterns. This includes heavy winds, thunderstorms, floods, heat waves, tornados, hurricanes, hail, and blizzards. To better understand the different types of extreme weather... LET'S BREAK IT DOWN!

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Generation Genius reading material

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Read About Maps & Landforms | Science for Kids | Grades K-2 [PDF]

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Maps can show us where landforms are found on planet Earth. Mountains, forests, lakes and more. Read about landforms in this printable PDF for kids.

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1 Creating a Climate Chart

1.1 Map

When the web application is started, a map (1) is available that allows the user to select a region for generating a climate diagram. The most common tools are available for this purpose:

Mouse interaction - scroll wheel: zoom in/out

+/-: zoom in/out (2)

Select Base Map (3)

ESRI Base Map

OpenStreetMap

1.2 Select a Location

The selection of a location is quite easy and is done by clicking on a position in the map. Basically, there are two types of data sets available - raster data (see 1.2.1) and station data (see 1.2.2).

In addition, it is also possible to select a position on the map by entering coordinates into the filter menu. You can find it under the map tile (1). In this case a raster cell at this position is selected.

1.2.1 Raster Data

Once you selected a raster data set and clicked on a location, the corresponding raster cell is shown on the map in blue (1). Within this grid cell the resulting climate diagrams are identical. Another indicator that you are seeing raster instead of station data is the note "Climate Cell" at the top of the information popup (2). This popup also contains information about the name of the place you have selected (3) as well as information about the climate classes according to Köppen-Geiger, the altitude and the selected time period (4). With the button "Create Charts" a diagram is created below the map (5).

1.2.2 Station Data

If you click on one of the brown marked dots on the map, a weather station is selected. Once activated the color will change to blue (1).

You can also see that you have selected a station by the note "Climate Station" in the popup (2). This popup also contains information about the name of the place you have selected (3) as well as information about the climate classes according to Köppen-Geiger, the altitude and the selected time period (4). With the button "Create Charts" a diagram is created below the map (5).

1.3 Filter Options

1.3.1 Data Sets

Overall, four data sets are available for the generation of climate charts.

The weather stations' data set is part of the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN). This data set is automatically selected whenever a user clicks on a station (cf. 1.2.2).

In addition, three different raster data sets can be used to generate climate diagrams. Select one of these data sets before clicking on a location in the map. The selection menu is located beneath the map.

After you have chosen the preferred data set, you can select a location in the map.

You can find more information about the datasets in the menu "Datasets & Software".

1.3.2 Time Period

Climate diagrams are often generated for a period of at least 30 years. The web application ClimateCharts.net offers the possibility to adapt this period according to your own requirements. For this purpose, a slider for adjusting the period (1) is available. The Dark grey area shows the maximum time period in which data (independent of the selected dataset) is available. The maximum available time period for the selected data set (2) is shown in white. The length of this bar can vary depending on the selected data set. The selected time period can be adjusted individually by moving the upper and lower limits (3) of the light grey bar.

Only the data of the selected period is processed and displayed in the climate chart. The "Reset" button is used to set the most recent time period with a length of 30 years (4).

2 Visualizations

Currently, three different types of climate charts can be generated. After you have created a climate chart with the button "Create Chart" you will get the following view:

In the upper left corner (1) you can switch between the three different visualizations.

Walther-Lieth Climate Chart (see 2.1)

Distribution Chart (see 2.2)

Availability Chart (see 2.3)

In the default setting, the Walter-Lieth Chart is displayed after generation.

2.1 Walter-Lieth Climate Chart

2.1.1 Structure of the Walter-Lieth Chart

The Walter-Lieth Chart contains a number of components, which will be explained in the following:

1. The location's name. A gazetteer is used to generate the name (https://www.geonames.org/). Alternatively, you can set a name manually.

2. The location's coordinates.

3. Elevation of the location. For this information, the gazetteer "Geonames" is used as well.

4. Köppen-Geiger Climate Class. (Markus Kottek, Jürgen Grieser, Christoph Beck, Bruno Rudolf and Franz Rubel. 2006. "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15 (3): 259-263. https://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.)

5. Selected time period

6. Visualization of climate data according to Walter-Lieth (1967)

7. Table of the average monthly values used for temperature and precipitation sums.

8. Mean annual temperature and annual precipitation values

9. Information on the completeness of the data within the selected time period

10. Data source (see 1.3.1)

11. Option to display a bar chart

2.1.2 Understanding the Walter-Lieth Chart

The Walter-Lieth Chart is an easy way to show information about the climatic conditions at a selected location The chart visualizes mean monthly temperatures (1) and mean monthly precipitation sum values (2). The values temperature and precipitation have a ratio of 1:2 up to a value of 100 mm mean monthly precipitation. This ratio changes to 1:10 if precipitation exceeds 100 mm.

The resulting intersections between the temperature and precipitation curves create areas of different classifications (color):

Yellow: The temperature curve lies above the precipitation curve. Arid or semi-arid conditions prevail.

Light blue: The precipitation curve lies above the temperature curve. Humid conditions prevail.

Dark blue: The precipitation curve is clearly above the temperature curve (note change in the scaling of the precipitation axis). These conditions are also called per-humid (monthly precipitation sum > 100 mm).

2.2 Distribution Chart (Boxplot)

2.2.1 Structure of the Distribution Chart

1. The location's name. A gazetteer is used to generate the name (https://www.geonames.org/). Alternatively, you can set a name manually.

2. The location's coordinates.

3. Elevation of the location. For this information, the gazetteer "Geonames" is used as well.

4. Köppen-Geiger Climate Class. (Markus Kottek, Jürgen Grieser, Christoph Beck, Bruno Rudolf and Franz Rubel. 2006. "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15 (3): 259-263. https://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.)

5. Selected time period

6. Distribution chart (box plot) for the mean monthly temperatures during the selected period

7. Distribution chart (box plot) for the monthly precipitation sums during the selected period

8. Data source (see 1.3.1)

9. Adjustment of the scaling of the y-axis.

1. Relative = based on the selected data

2. Fixed = based on all data sets

2.2.2 Understanding the Distribution Chart

This chart visualizes the monthly distribution of the climate parameters included in the Walter-Lieth Chart using a box plot. This kind of chart visualizes the distribution of different parameters. Here, the average sums of monthly temperature and precipitation values are shown. The box plot include:

Median (middle value of the data set)

First quartile (25th Percentile, Q1)

Third Quartile (75th Percentile, Q2)

Interquartile Range (IQR, 25th to the 75th percentile; Box)

Whiskers (Q1 - 1.5*IQR and Q3 + 1.5*IQR)

Outliers (dots)

image source
Reading boxplots requires some experience and knowledge of data distribution. For more detailed information we recommend the article "Understanding Boxplots" by Michael Galarnyk: https://towardsdatascience.com/understanding-boxplots-5e2df7bcbd51

2.3 Availabilty Chart

2.3.1 Structure of the Availability Chart

The Availability Chart is a detailed tabular representation of the data of the Walter Lieth Climate Chart.

1. The location's name. A gazetteer is used to generate the name (https://www.geonames.org/). Alternatively, you can set a name manually.

2. The location's coordinates.

3. Elevation of the location. For this information, the gazetteer "Geonames" is used as well.

4. Köppen-Geiger Climate Class. (Markus Kottek, Jürgen Grieser, Christoph Beck, Bruno Rudolf and Franz Rubel. 2006. "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15 (3): 259-263. https://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.)

5. Selected time period

6. Visualization of the mean monthly temperature values and the monthly precipitation sums involved in the climate diagram.

7. Color-coded scales for temperature and precipitation.

8. Data source (see 1.3.1)

9. Adjustment of the color-coded scales.

1. Relative = based on the selected data

2. Fixed =

1. Temperature: < 5°C to > 35°C

2. Precipitation: < 40 mm to > 200 mm

2.3.2 Understanding the Availability Chart

The Availability Chart is an easy-to-understand instrument for displaying temperature and precipitation data as numerical values. The color-coding of the table cells allows you to quickly perceive the values. It allows the comparison of the monthly values over the selected time period. It is also possible to identify data gaps. These data gaps occur exclusively in the data set of the GHCN Weather Stations (see 1.3.1).

3 Download Charts

All charts of the application Climatecharts.net are available for free. In the upper right corner of each diagram you will find two buttons to save the charts as PNG file (raster graphics) or SVG file (vector graphics). Saving as a vector graphic also allows you to easily edit the data (e.g. coloring).

In case you are using the diagrams or parts of it within scientific or other publications, we recommend to cite: Laura Zepner, Pierre Karrasch, Felix Wiemann & Lars Bernard (2020) ClimateCharts.net - an interactive climate analysis web platform, International Journal of Digital Earth, DOI: 10.1080/17538947.2020.1829112

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Laura Zepner, Felix Wiemann, Marcus Kossatz

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An application to create meteorological charts for places worldwide.

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long- 15 min

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Epic video

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The Impact of Climate on Human Geography

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The Impact of Climate on Human Geography

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Deserts (multiple language options) (570L)

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Deserts (multiple language options) (570L)

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Rainforests (multiple language options) (550L)

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Rainforests (multiple language options) (550L)

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Weather vs. Climate: Crash Course Kids #28.1

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Lesson Boosters - Kids Science and History Videos

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Climates and Seasons for Kids| | Grade 3-8 Science | Learn What affects Climates and Seasons

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What you will learn from this video What you will learn

Weather is the day-to-day variation of the atmosphere's condition locally.

Climate is the year-by-year variation of the atmosphere's condition over a large area.

Scientists record weather patterns across different times and areas to make predictions.

List 3 instruments used to predict the weather.

What is the difference between weather and climate?

Describe the weather in your area as well as the climate.

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What's the difference between weather & climate? Our fun science video for kids breaks it down and shows you examples of climates and weather instruments!

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