# data[].attributes.headline
What are recidivism rates for juveniles and how do adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) impact the recidivism rates?

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What are recidivism rates for juveniles and how do adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) impact the recidivism rates?

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Example research question: How does major effect Penn State students' support for the concealed carry of firearms on campus?

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Example research question: How does major effect Penn State students' support for the concealed carry of firearms on campus?

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Peer 1: Identify the independent variable in the above research question, or write "none specified."

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Peer 1: Identify the independent variable in the above research question, or write "none specified."

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Peer 2: Identify the dependent variable in the above research question, or write "none specified."

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Peer 2: Identify the dependent variable in the above research question, or write "none specified."

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Peer 3: Comment on the feasibility of answering this research question in a semester-long project. Will the author have the time, resources, and population access to answer this question? If not, how could this question be modified to improve feasibility?

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Peer 3: Comment on the feasibility of answering this research question in a semester-long project. Will the author have the time, resources, and population access to answer this question? If not, how could this question be modified to improve feasibility?

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How negatively can solitary impact affect inmates? (in extended stays)

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How negatively can solitary impact affect inmates? (in extended stays)

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What factors influence student’s support or opposition to the death penalty for violent crimes?

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What factors influence student’s support or opposition to the death penalty for violent crimes?

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How do you think public prison systems are compared to private in how they treat their inmates?

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How do you think public prison systems are compared to private in how they treat their inmates?

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Does the length of incarceration affect an inmates likelihood of successful reentry into society?

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Does the length of incarceration affect an inmates likelihood of successful reentry into society?

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How effective are rehabilitation programs in reducing recidivism?

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How effective are rehabilitation programs in reducing recidivism?

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how use in body cams can gain trust from public and effectiveness of preventing police misconduct?

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how use in body cams can gain trust from public and effectiveness of preventing police misconduct?

# data[].attributes.headline
How youth growing up in poor/high crime rate communities impact their teenage/early adulthoods

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How youth growing up in poor/high crime rate communities impact their teenage/early adulthoods

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How do people with different societal backgrounds view the death penalty and its effectiveness?

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How do people with different societal backgrounds view the death penalty and its effectiveness?

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How does the physical layout and employee surveillance in retail environments like Walmart influence the likelihood of shoplifting?

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How does the physical layout and employee surveillance in retail environments like Walmart influence the likelihood of shoplifting?

# data[].attributes.headline
Should there or should there not be a death penalty, given its impact (or lack of impact) on deterring crime?

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Should there or should there not be a death penalty, given its impact (or lack of impact) on deterring crime?

# data[].attributes.headline
How do factors like age or education level influence people's opinions about why someone becomes a serial killer or mass murderer?

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How do factors like age or education level influence people's opinions about why someone becomes a serial killer or mass murderer?

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For esxample mental illness, childhood trauma, or personal choice?

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How does the appearance of a neighborhood/ racial demographic influence policing in a small city.

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How does the appearance of a neighborhood/ racial demographic influence policing in a small city.

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How does conflict theory explain why people commit crimes in response to social and economic inequality?

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How does conflict theory explain why people commit crimes in response to social and economic inequality?

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What do students in the Research Methods class think would make restorative justice an effective way to reduce recidivism?

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What do students in the Research Methods class think would make restorative justice an effective way to reduce recidivism?

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How does Poaching and Overfishing affect wildlife and conservation efforts?

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How does Poaching and Overfishing affect wildlife and conservation efforts?

# data[].attributes.headline
What does everyone think of social media affecting crime? Is it helpful or not

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What does everyone think of social media affecting crime? Is it helpful or not

# data[].attributes.headline
How do the people of their community feel about their local police?

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How do the people of their community feel about their local police?

# data[].attributes.headline
How does a body camera effect the way police do their job?

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How does a body camera effect the way police do their job?

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How does racial bias affect the way policing works?

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How does racial bias affect the way policing works?

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How are rehabhiliation programs effective in reducing reoffending?

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How are rehabhiliation programs effective in reducing reoffending?

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Adverse Childhood Experiences

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Independent Variable: Body Cameras

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Independent- Length of incarceration

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Appearance of neighborhood/racial demographic

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Independent: Type of Prison system

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independent variable: physical layout and survelliance

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independent variable: physical layout and survelliance

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the participation in rehabilitation programs. (programs and participation)

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the participation in rehabilitation programs. (programs and participation)

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The way policing works

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independent variable- social and economic status

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DV: Crime

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dependent variable: death penalty and crime

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dependent variable: death penalty and crime

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I.V.: Length of Incarceration

D.V.: Successful re-entry into society

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Dependent- Recidivism

# data[].attributes.body
crimes committed

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Level or type of policing.

For example patrol frequency, stops, arrests, surveillance etc.

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dependent - ways to reduce recidivism

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if this student lives near different fishing spots and wildlife spots and had information where overfishing and poaching happens this would be feasible.

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Almost impossible I believe. Full studies have had a hard time broadly addressing this question. The time-line alone required to do so would be massive.

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I feel like being a Penn State student you would be able to conduct the study, since there is many students and staff on campus. There is a huge variety of people to choose from. I feel like you might struggle with providing incentives and the cost of doing the research, but I think it would be very feasible for you to do. 

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I feel like being a Penn State student you would be able to conduct the study, since there is many students and staff on campus. There is a huge variety of people to choose from. I feel like you might struggle with providing incentives and the cost of doing the research, but I think it would be very feasible for you to do. 

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This project is feasible with time and resources.

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Research question is feasible through websites and articles especially

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I think this is very feasible.

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The feasibility of this research question is possible but will be difficult. I would narrow down the exact rehabilitation program as just asking about any or all of them is to broad. Additionally, getting access to records of people who have offended and re offended would be difficult but not impossible.

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Yes but with some limitation

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Hi Nick! Great topic - but hard to study as a study doing human subjects research. Some tips: Instead of studying the impact of solitary on incarcerated persons themselves, study students' perceptions of how harmful solitary confinement can be on incarcerated persons. That would make your dependent variable the "perceptions." 

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Hi Nick! Great topic - but hard to study as a study doing human subjects research. Some tips: Instead of studying the impact of solitary on incarcerated persons themselves, study students' perceptions of how harmful solitary confinement can be on incarcerated persons. That would make your dependent variable the "perceptions." 

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Here are some ideas for independent variables: students' major; students' sex/gender; students' political affiliation. OR, if you want to write a "vignette" or story-based survey, you can change different aspects of solitary confinement (like days in solitary, for example.) -Kate

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Here are some ideas for independent variables: students' major; students' sex/gender; students' political affiliation. OR, if you want to write a "vignette" or story-based survey, you can change different aspects of solitary confinement (like days in solitary, for example.) -Kate

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Excellent, Shane! This is great and feasible. Since we are doing a survey research proposal, you can choose multiple factors to explore (i.e., multiple independent variables), such as student major, sex/gender, political affiliation, etc. Another idea is to develop a "vignette" or story-based survey that considers how offender characteristics impact students' support for the death penalty (for example, different violent crimes, offender gender/sex, age, mental health, etc.)

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Excellent, Shane! This is great and feasible. Since we are doing a survey research proposal, you can choose multiple factors to explore (i.e., multiple independent variables), such as student major, sex/gender, political affiliation, etc. Another idea is to develop a "vignette" or story-based survey that considers how offender characteristics impact students' support for the death penalty (for example, different violent crimes, offender gender/sex, age, mental health, etc.)

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Great topic, Braylen! I'm reading from your question that you want to capture individuals' perceptions of the public and private prison systems, and how them compare in terms of prisoner treatment. This could be a really interesting survey, especially because you can ultimately compare "perceptions" with different statistics or "facts." 

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Great topic, Braylen! I'm reading from your question that you want to capture individuals' perceptions of the public and private prison systems, and how them compare in terms of prisoner treatment. This could be a really interesting survey, especially because you can ultimately compare "perceptions" with different statistics or "facts." 

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For an independent variable, I might suggest looking at demographics (age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity, geography) and/or social factor like political affiliation or college major.

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For an independent variable, I might suggest looking at demographics (age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity, geography) and/or social factor like political affiliation or college major.

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This is a great topic, Omar! However, if would be hard to study in the form of a survey. Some tips: Instead of studying the impact of sentence length on incarcerated persons themselves, study students' perceptions of how sentence length can be impact reentry. That would make your dependent variable the "perceptions." 

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This is a great topic, Omar! However, if would be hard to study in the form of a survey. Some tips: Instead of studying the impact of sentence length on incarcerated persons themselves, study students' perceptions of how sentence length can be impact reentry. That would make your dependent variable the "perceptions." 

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Here are some ideas for independent variables: students' major; students' sex/gender; students' political affiliation. OR, if you want to write a "vignette" or story-based survey, you can change different aspects of offender background or sentence length. -Kate

# data[].attributes.subject
Here are some ideas for independent variables: students' major; students' sex/gender; students' political affiliation. OR, if you want to write a "vignette" or story-based survey, you can change different aspects of offender background or sentence length. -Kate

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Another great idea, Amber! However, if would be hard to study in the form of a survey. My suggestion: Instead of studying the impact of different rehab programs on incarcerated persons themselves, study students' perceptions of how successful rehabilitation programs can be.That would make your dependent variable the "perceptions" (or support for different rehab programs, depending on how you phrase it.)

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Another great idea, Amber! However, if would be hard to study in the form of a survey. My suggestion: Instead of studying the impact of different rehab programs on incarcerated persons themselves, study students' perceptions of how successful rehabilitation programs can be.That would make your dependent variable the "perceptions" (or support for different rehab programs, depending on how you phrase it.)

# data[].attributes.headline
Here are some ideas for independent variables: students' major; students' sex/gender; students' political affiliation. You can (and should!) also consider a variety of rehabilitation programs (ex. GED, vo-tech, college-in-prison, substance use treatment, etc.) -Kate

# data[].attributes.subject
Here are some ideas for independent variables: students' major; students' sex/gender; students' political affiliation. You can (and should!) also consider a variety of rehabilitation programs (ex. GED, vo-tech, college-in-prison, substance use treatment, etc.) -Kate

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Great question, Kairu! You can absolutely study the public's perceptions of body cams, and the influence of body cams on their trust in police. I would suggest focusing on your peers' perceptions, since they're easy to capture. Here are some ideas for independent variables: students' major; students' sex/gender; students' political affiliation.

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Great question, Kairu! You can absolutely study the public's perceptions of body cams, and the influence of body cams on their trust in police. I would suggest focusing on your peers' perceptions, since they're easy to capture. Here are some ideas for independent variables: students' major; students' sex/gender; students' political affiliation.

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Great question, Kallysta! You could absolutely conduct this study among your student peers! As we approach Mini-Project 1, please consider some more specific dependent variables. If your study population includes both college-enrolled and non-college enrolled individuals, you could use educational enrollment and attainment as an outcome. If you are just looking at college-enrolled peers, you could use measures of mental health, or even something like GPA is you want to get spicy!

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Great question, Kallysta! You could absolutely conduct this study among your student peers! As we approach Mini-Project 1, please consider some more specific dependent variables. If your study population includes both college-enrolled and non-college enrolled individuals, you could use educational enrollment and attainment as an outcome. If you are just looking at college-enrolled peers, you could use measures of mental health, or even something like GPA is you want to get spicy!

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Excellent, Karlie! In writing Mini-Project 1, I suggest identifying your independent variables ("background"). There's a lot that you could look at: family composition, household income, previous crime victimization, political affiliation, educational attainment, ACEs...and so on. When we get to writing the survey itself, there are different pathways you can go down as well, but that can wait for now :)

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Excellent, Karlie! In writing Mini-Project 1, I suggest identifying your independent variables ("background"). There's a lot that you could look at: family composition, household income, previous crime victimization, political affiliation, educational attainment, ACEs...and so on. When we get to writing the survey itself, there are different pathways you can go down as well, but that can wait for now :)

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Love this question, Aeryal! While this study is great for participant observation (and that is a welcome methodology), we will also be writing a survey for our proposals. Start thinking about what kind of survey you might write for retail employees, which considers both their observations and perceptions of shoplifting.

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Love this question, Aeryal! While this study is great for participant observation (and that is a welcome methodology), we will also be writing a survey for our proposals. Start thinking about what kind of survey you might write for retail employees, which considers both their observations and perceptions of shoplifting.

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Great topic, Josh - but hard to study via survey. My tips Instead of studying the impact of the death penalty on crime itself, study students' perceptions of how effective the death penalty is at deterring crime. That would make your dependent variable the "perceptions." 

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Great topic, Josh - but hard to study via survey. My tips Instead of studying the impact of the death penalty on crime itself, study students' perceptions of how effective the death penalty is at deterring crime. That would make your dependent variable the "perceptions." 

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For an independent variable, I might suggest looking at demographics (age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity, geography) and/or social factor like political affiliation or college major.

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For an independent variable, I might suggest looking at demographics (age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity, geography) and/or social factor like political affiliation or college major.

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Love this question, Jaiden - very spicy and fun! To be clear, your dependent variable here is individuals' opinions/perceptions, and the independent variables are individuals' age and education. (Or is it offender age and education?) When you get to writing the survey, let's talk about how you can use vignettes, or short stories about potential serial killers, to measure individuals' perceptions. Also, might I suggest that you specifically study college study perceptions? :)

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Love this question, Jaiden - very spicy and fun! To be clear, your dependent variable here is individuals' opinions/perceptions, and the independent variables are individuals' age and education. (Or is it offender age and education?) When you get to writing the survey, let's talk about how you can use vignettes, or short stories about potential serial killers, to measure individuals' perceptions. Also, might I suggest that you specifically study college study perceptions? :)

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Great question - I'm going to share the same feedback I gave Amber. Another great idea, Amber! It would be hard to study this in the form of a survey. My suggestion: Instead of studying the impact of different rehab programs on incarcerated persons themselves, study students' perceptions of how successful rehabilitation programs can be.That would make your dependent variable the "perceptions" (or support for different rehab programs, depending on how you phrase it.)

# data[].attributes.subject
Great question - I'm going to share the same feedback I gave Amber. Another great idea, Amber! It would be hard to study this in the form of a survey. My suggestion: Instead of studying the impact of different rehab programs on incarcerated persons themselves, study students' perceptions of how successful rehabilitation programs can be.That would make your dependent variable the "perceptions" (or support for different rehab programs, depending on how you phrase it.)

# data[].attributes.headline
Here are some ideas for independent variables: students' major; students' sex/gender; students' political affiliation. You can (and should!) also consider a variety of rehabilitation programs (ex. GED, vo-tech, college-in-prison, substance use treatment, etc.) -Kate

# data[].attributes.subject
Here are some ideas for independent variables: students' major; students' sex/gender; students' political affiliation. You can (and should!) also consider a variety of rehabilitation programs (ex. GED, vo-tech, college-in-prison, substance use treatment, etc.) -Kate

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Love this, Austin! I think it is plausible that you would be able to survey police who are on the job about this topic! In completing mini-project 1, let me suggest you further specify your variables. For example, for dependent variable(s), you might consider police willingness to make stops (traffic or street stops), as well as how it impacts police fear of violent victimization, or fear of accusations of misconduct. 

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Love this, Austin! I think it is plausible that you would be able to survey police who are on the job about this topic! In completing mini-project 1, let me suggest you further specify your variables. For example, for dependent variable(s), you might consider police willingness to make stops (traffic or street stops), as well as how it impacts police fear of violent victimization, or fear of accusations of misconduct. 

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The independent variable would probably be "employment by police agencies that do or do not use body cameras."

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The independent variable would probably be "employment by police agencies that do or do not use body cameras."

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Love this question, Savanna - very feasible! For mini-project 1, let's try to further drill down on the "what" of question, which is really the independent variable. You could consider different restorative justice programs as the IV, or look at student-level factors like age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity, year, political affiliation or career aspirations!

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Love this question, Savanna - very feasible! For mini-project 1, let's try to further drill down on the "what" of question, which is really the independent variable. You could consider different restorative justice programs as the IV, or look at student-level factors like age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity, year, political affiliation or career aspirations!

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Hi John! I love this as a research question, and there are a few ways that it could be executed as a survey research project. Your dependent variable - re-offending by individuals previously involved in the juvenile justice system - could be operationalized as a self-report variable (i.e., you ask survey takers if they have ever been involved in the JJ system, and then ask them to self-report any reoffending in the time since.) 

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Hi John! I love this as a research question, and there are a few ways that it could be executed as a survey research project. Your dependent variable - re-offending by individuals previously involved in the juvenile justice system - could be operationalized as a self-report variable (i.e., you ask survey takers if they have ever been involved in the JJ system, and then ask them to self-report any reoffending in the time since.) 

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In writing Mini-Project 1, you can use the total ACE index as your independent variable, or choose a one or more specific ACEs of interest. 

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In writing Mini-Project 1, you can use the total ACE index as your independent variable, or choose a one or more specific ACEs of interest. 

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Love this question, Kirsten, and the fieldwork you did in build-up! Your dependent and independent variables seem clear - policing, and neighborhood racial/ethnic composition, respectively.

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Love this question, Kirsten, and the fieldwork you did in build-up! Your dependent and independent variables seem clear - policing, and neighborhood racial/ethnic composition, respectively.

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In terms of adding a survey component to this project, you could go one of two ways. You could target the survey at neighborhood residents, and ask how they perceive policing operations in their neighborhood - that would be the new dependent variable in this scenario. Alternatively, you could gear the survey toward police themselves, and ask them how neighborhood appearance and perceive racial/ethic demographics affects their work. 

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In terms of adding a survey component to this project, you could go one of two ways. You could target the survey at neighborhood residents, and ask how they perceive policing operations in their neighborhood - that would be the new dependent variable in this scenario. Alternatively, you could gear the survey toward police themselves, and ask them how neighborhood appearance and perceive racial/ethic demographics affects their work. 

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You may want to drill down more on your dependent variables, whichever direction you go. For example, you could specify "policing" to mean patrol, street and traffic stops, and community outreach.

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You may want to drill down more on your dependent variables, whichever direction you go. For example, you could specify "policing" to mean patrol, street and traffic stops, and community outreach.

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Josh, this is such a complex and interesting question! Given your theoretical integration, operationalizing this question as a survey is more complicated - but definitely doable and fun (in my opinion). My first thought: operationalize conflict theory into survey questions asking about how people perceive the economy and criminal justice system in the United States, effectively making it a second independent variable.

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Josh, this is such a complex and interesting question! Given your theoretical integration, operationalizing this question as a survey is more complicated - but definitely doable and fun (in my opinion). My first thought: operationalize conflict theory into survey questions asking about how people perceive the economy and criminal justice system in the United States, effectively making it a second independent variable.

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For example, in addition to asking survey participants about their self-reported offending, you would include measures of socioeconomic status (income, education, etc.) and questions like "The legal system in the United States favors those with lots of wealth. Agree/Disagree." You don't need to include potential survey items in Mini-Project 1...I'm just thinking longer term :)

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For example, in addition to asking survey participants about their self-reported offending, you would include measures of socioeconomic status (income, education, etc.) and questions like "The legal system in the United States favors those with lots of wealth. Agree/Disagree." You don't need to include potential survey items in Mini-Project 1...I'm just thinking longer term :)

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Great, unique question Joe! Some thoughts about studying this research question using survey methods. Target individuals who self-report participation in fishing, and them ask them about their self-reported involvement in poaching, overfishing, and general respect for wildlife management and conservation laws in PA!

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Great, unique question Joe! Some thoughts about studying this research question using survey methods. Target individuals who self-report participation in fishing, and them ask them about their self-reported involvement in poaching, overfishing, and general respect for wildlife management and conservation laws in PA!

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Interesting question, Francesca! May I suggest a slight modification that would give you straightforward independent and dependent variables, and make this easy to study using survey methods? Namely: How does social media usage impact users' perceptions of crime? 

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Interesting question, Francesca! May I suggest a slight modification that would give you straightforward independent and dependent variables, and make this easy to study using survey methods? Namely: How does social media usage impact users' perceptions of crime? 

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Social media usage could be operationalized different ways (ex. estimated hours spent using social media each week), while perceptions of crime could be written in the form of agree/disagree-type statements (ex. Crime is a major problem in the United States right now.) There are lots of fun things to do with these variables!

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Social media usage could be operationalized different ways (ex. estimated hours spent using social media each week), while perceptions of crime could be written in the form of agree/disagree-type statements (ex. Crime is a major problem in the United States right now.) There are lots of fun things to do with these variables!

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I love this question, Errett, and obviously you are prepped to do it! The dependent variable is clear - perceptions of police - but may I suggest some potential independent variables? Here are some ideas: age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, political affiliation, previous criminal victimization...choose one or multiple or others!

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I love this question, Errett, and obviously you are prepped to do it! The dependent variable is clear - perceptions of police - but may I suggest some potential independent variables? Here are some ideas: age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, political affiliation, previous criminal victimization...choose one or multiple or others!

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Great question, Braelyn!! There are a couple different directions you could go in term of studying this question with a survey. First option: surveying police themselves about racially-biased beliefs (independent variable) and then self-reported policing activities and tactics - or the policing activity and tactics of their colleagues. (The latter is a good way to go with a sensitive topic.)

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Great question, Braelyn!! There are a couple different directions you could go in term of studying this question with a survey. First option: surveying police themselves about racially-biased beliefs (independent variable) and then self-reported policing activities and tactics - or the policing activity and tactics of their colleagues. (The latter is a good way to go with a sensitive topic.)

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Alternatively, you could adapt this question for a general audience. For example, you could ask participants' opinions on different issues related to race and racial justice (independent variable), and then ask about their perceptions of law enforcement (ex. Law enforcement should be allowed to take any measures necessary to address crime in my community.) I'm sure it's also possible to make "love of ranch dressing" into an independent variable as well! :)

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Alternatively, you could adapt this question for a general audience. For example, you could ask participants' opinions on different issues related to race and racial justice (independent variable), and then ask about their perceptions of law enforcement (ex. Law enforcement should be allowed to take any measures necessary to address crime in my community.) I'm sure it's also possible to make "love of ranch dressing" into an independent variable as well! :)