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The collapse of Northern Rock was sparked by a funding crisis. Rather than relying on sticky retail deposits to fund mortgages, the bank was heavily dependent on short-term finance from the wholesale markets and securities issuance.

According to Morgan Stanley Research cited by the Treasury select committee, in2007 the average loan-to-deposit ratio of UK banks was 137 per cent. But for Northern Rock, it was 322 per cent, almost two times that of HBOS, which also later collapsed.

As at the end of 2016, RBS had a loan-to-deposit ratio of 91 per cent, Barclays 93 per cent, Lloyds 109 per cent and HSBC 68 per cent.

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Banks were forced to increase their capital buffers following the financial crisis after mounting credit losses eroded their reserves.

The UK's largest four banks - HSBC, Lloyds, RBS and Barclays ——launched rights issues in 2008-2009 to boost their capital base.

UK banks have raised more than £130bn in additional capital since 2007. As a result, their balance sheets have strengthened, with the average core tier-one ratio, a measure of capital to risk weighted assets, increasing three-fold to 14.3 per cent over the period.

The Bank of England told lenders in June that they would need to build a special buffer worth £11.4bn over the next 18 months as it tried to make banks more resilient to the risk posed by mounting consumer debt.

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1 poster

1 piece of newspaper

2 chart analyses

1 interview

1 literature review

2 theses

1 final annotated bibliography+1 final reference page

1 short explanation of how all of your artifacts fit together

1 plagiarism check+1 AI plagiarism check

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Short explanation of how all of artifacts fit together

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Short explanation of how all of artifacts fit together