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It was a movement in the 19th-century. A number of Italian states were first as republics and then as satellite states of the French empire. Then Italian middle class grew in numbers and was allowed to participate in government. After Napoleons defeat in 1815 the Italian states were returned to their formal rulers. These states took on a conservative character. The first republican and national group was Young Italy, founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831. After the failure of liberal and republican revolutions in 1848, leadership passed to Piedmont.

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Risorgimento, (Italian: "Rising Again"), 19th-century movement for Italian unification that culminated in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The Risorgimento was an ideological and literary movement that helped to arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people, and it led to a series of political events that freed the Italian states from foreign domination and united them politically. Although the Risorgimento has attained the status of a national myth, its essential meaning remains a controversial question. The classic interpretation (expressed in the writings of the philosopher Benedetto Croce) sees the Risorgimento as the triumph of liberalism, but more recent views criticize it as an aristocratic and bourgeois revolution that failed to include the masses.

The main impetus to the Risorgimento came from reforms introduced by the French when they dominated Italy during the period of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars (1796-1815). A number of Italian states were briefly consolidated, first as republics and then as satellite states of the French empire, and, even more importantly, the Italian middle class grew in numbers and was allowed to participate in government.

After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, the Italian states were restored to their former rulers. Under the domination of Austria, these states took on a conservative character. Secret societies such as the Carbonari opposed this development in the 1820s and '30s. The first avowedly republican and national group was Young Italy, founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831. This society, which represented the democratic aspect of the Risorgimento, hoped to educate the Italian people to a sense of their nationhood and to encourage the masses to rise against the existing reactionary regimes. Other groups, such as the Neo-Guelfs, envisioned an Italian confederation headed by the pope; still others favoured unification under the house of Savoy, monarchs of the liberal northern Italian state of Piedmont-Sardinia.

After the failure of liberal and republican revolutions in 1848, leadership passed to Piedmont. With French help, the Piedmontese defeated the Austrians in 1859 and united most of Italy under their rule by 1861. The annexation of Venetia in 1866 and papal Rome in 1870 marked the final unification of Italy and hence the end of the Risorgimento.

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Risorgimento | Italian Unification, Nationalism & Revolution

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Risorgimento, (Italian: "Rising Again"), 19th-century movement for Italian unification that culminated in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The Risorgimento was an ideological and literary movement that helped to arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people, and it led

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When Napoleon invaded Italy, he created the Kingdom of Italy in the north. However when he was defeated it reverted back to independent states. The Roman republic was led by Jepe Mansini. He founded a revolutionary group the young Italians. Prime Minister Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II, aided by French Emperor Napoleon III led Italy. Then the Kingdom of Two Sicilies was liberated by an expedition led by a revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi, and subsequently united with Piedmont-Sardinia.

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When the Napoleonic Wars the British actually helped the Portuguese royal family and make a court in Brazil. But then King John was sicked and so he did not return back to Portugal right away. Portugal was a big governed place by the British who stayed there after the Napoleonic wars under William Cart Beresford. Therefore this angered the population of Portugal and so it reduced it to a sort of colony. The people then demanded that King John return and so he did in 1822. Then he left his son Pedro in Brazil and he became Prince. He he got news that Portugal and Cortes wanted to remove his powers and all reforms. Then he traveled back to Rio and took the title of Emperor. Then Brazil separated from Portugal and ruled for three hundred years. However, some remained loyal to the Portuguese.

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Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

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In 1807, at the time of the first invasion of Portugal by Napoleon’s forces, the King of Portugal, João VI, fled to Brazil. When French forces were finally defeated in Europe in 1815, King João decided to continue ruling from Brazil, founding the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, leaving British presence in Portugal. Many people resented British influence and began a movement to restarted monarchy in Portugal. In 1820, the constitutionalists rose up in revolution, created a constitution, and forced the return of the Portuguese King. King João returned to Portugal in April 1821, leaving behind his son and heir, Prince Dom Pedro, to rule Brazil as his regent. On September 7, 1822, Prince Dom Pedro declared Brazil’s independence from Portugal, founding the Empire of Brazil, which led to a two-year war of independence. Formal recognition came with a treaty signed by both Brazil and Portugal in late 1825.

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Brazilian Independence: a Bicentennial Commemoration from Afar, Above and Abroad invites you to see the world as José Silvestre Rebello saw it as he wrote in his pamphlet

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After many years of Spanish rule on September 16 1810 the priests issued his cry of Dolores in the Mexican Town calling the end of the Spanish rule. Then there was the redistribution of land and Racial equality for all the Mexican people. He was commanding a militia to move with him to go to village to village to leave his wake of bloodbath. He would regret this because he was defeat in January of 1811, he fled the Spanish authorities. Then the non-celebrate priest was captured and he was executed by a firing squad at the Chihuahua. That stalled the Mexican Revolution. Then Spain defeated Oscar polsalco by the army for Spanish royalist to Grant Mexican Independence on January 27 1821 as was agreed upon the Treaty of Corboba.

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest he was the one who started the war of independence with the cry's of Dolores. It called for the end of the 300 year rule of Spanish Rule. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla also know as the Father of Mexican Independence rebellion with Cry's of Dolores and his army went close to capturing the Mexican Capital. José María Morelos y Pavón, Mariano Matamoros, and Vicente Guerrero, peasant leaders came with him armies of native and racially mixed revolutionaries against the Spanish and the Royalists. He was defeated and was captured and executed when trying to fled north. But, it was the Royalists who were made up of Mexicans of Spanish descent and other conservatives. They ultimately brought about independence. Then Agustín de Iturbide, the leader of the Royalist forces, negotiated the Plan of Iguala with Vicente Guerrero. Iturbide defeated the Royalist forces still opposed to independence. But because they had lack of money, troops and etc. they to accept. Finally in 1821, Spanish Viceroy Juan de O’Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which approves a plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy.

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launches the Mexican War of Independence with the issuing of his Grito de Dolores, or "Cry of Dolores." The revolutionary tract, so-named because it was publicly read by Hidalgo in the town of Dolores, called for the end of 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico, redistribution of land and racial equality. Thousands of Indians and mestizos flocked to Hidalgo's banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe, and soon the peasant army was on the march to Mexico City.

In the early 19th century, Napoleon 's occupation of Spain led to the outbreak of revolts all across Spanish America. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla-"the father of Mexican independence"-launched the Mexican rebellion with his "Cry of Dolores," and his populist army came close to capturing the Mexican capital. Defeated at Calderón in January 1811, he fled north but was captured and executed. He was followed by other peasant leaders, however, such as José María Morelos y Pavón, Mariano Matamoros, and Vicente Guerrero, who all led armies of native and racially mixed revolutionaries against the Spanish and the Royalists.

Ironically, it was the Royalists-made up of Mexicans of Spanish descent and other conservatives-who ultimately brought about independence. In 1820, liberals took power in Spain, and the new government promised reforms to appease the Mexican revolutionaries. In response, Mexican conservatives called for independence as a means of maintaining their privileged position in Mexican society.

In early 1821, Agustín de Iturbide, the leader of the Royalist forces, negotiated the Plan of Iguala with Vicente Guerrero. Under the plan, Mexico would be established as an independent constitutional monarchy, the privileged position of the Catholic Church would be maintained, and Mexicans of Spanish descent would be regarded as equal to pure Spaniards. Mexicans of mixed or pure Indian blood would have lesser rights.

Iturbide defeated the Royalist forces still opposed to independence, and the new Spanish viceroy, lacking money, provisions, and troops, was forced to accept Mexican independence. On August 24, 1821, Spanish Viceroy Juan de O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which approves a plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy. In 1822, as no Bourbon monarch to rule Mexico had been found, Iturbide was proclaimed the emperor of Mexico. However, his empire was short-lived, and in 1823 republican leaders Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria deposed Iturbide and set up a republic, with Guadalupe Victoria as its first president.

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Mexican War of Independence begins | September 16, 1810 | HISTORY

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launches the Mexican War of Independence with the issuing of his Grito de Dolores, or "Cry of Dolores." The revolutionary tract, so-named because it was publicly read by Hidalgo in the town of Dolores, called for the end of 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico, redistribution of [...]