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Article - Digital Access: What is it and Why is it Important?

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Article - Digital Access: What is it and Why is it Important?

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Digital Access: What is it and Why is it Important? (n.d.). AudioEye. https://www.audioeye.com/post/what-is-digital-access/

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Digital Access: What is it and Why is it Important?

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Digital access enables individuals to access digital content. Discover how you can improve digital access and bridge the digital divide in this blog post.

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Article - The Digital Divide: What It Is, and What's Being Done to Close It. 

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Article - The Digital Divide: What It Is, and What's Being Done to Close It. 

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Taylor, K. (2024, April 28). The Digital Divide: What It Is, and What's Being Done to Close It. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/the-digital-divide-5116352

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The Digital Divide: What It Is, and What’s Being Done to Close It

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The digital divide refers to the gap between people who have access to modern information and communications technology and those who don’t.

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Image - The Digital Divide: What it is and How it Impacts us

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Image - The Digital Divide: What it is and How it Impacts us

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Regali, V. (2024, October 1). The digital Divide | What it is and how it impacts us. EducationConnection. https://www.educationconnection.com/resources/digital-divide/

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Blog Post - Explore Access - Tools for Promoting Disability Access and Inclusion

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Blog Post - Explore Access - Tools for Promoting Disability Access and Inclusion

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Explore Access. (2019, May 6). Did you know? series - Explore Access. Explore Access - Tools for Promoting Disability Access and Inclusion. https://exploreaccess.org/did-you-know-series/

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Explore Access - Tools for Promoting Disability Access and Inclusion

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Did You Know? is a series of quick tips and facts about digital accessibility. Each fact or tip has a meme associated with it. These can be shared in your social media campaigns or email blasts within your organization or campus. The hope is to raise awareness of what everyone can do together to create

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Article - Fact Sheet: New rule on the accessibility of web content and mobile apps provided by state and local governments.

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Article - Fact Sheet: New rule on the accessibility of web content and mobile apps provided by state and local governments.

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Fact Sheet: New rule on the accessibility of web content and mobile apps provided by state and local governments. (2024, March 8). ADA.gov. https://www.ada.gov/resources/2024-03-08-web-rule/

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On April 24, 2024, the Federal Register published the Department of Justice's (Department) final rule updating its regulations for Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The final rule has specific requirements about how to ensure that web content and mobile applications (apps) are accessible to people with disabilities.

Purpose of this fact sheet: This fact sheet gives a summary of the rule. The summary is designed to provide introductory information about the rule's requirements, particularly for people who may not have a legal background. For more information, please read the full rule. The official version of the rule is published in the Federal Register.

Title II uses the term "public entities" to describe who it applies to, but in this fact sheet, we call these "state and local governments."

A regulation, also called a "rule," is a set of requirements issued by a federal agency for laws passed by Congress. When Congress passed the ADA, it gave the Department the authority to make regulations that explain the rights and requirements for Titles II and III of the ADA. A regulation usually has two parts. The first part is regulatory text. The second part provides information about the regulatory text and what it means, which is sometimes in an appendix in the rule.

How did the Department make this rule?

The Department made this rule using a process sometimes called "notice and comment rulemaking." As part of this process, the Department published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM). The NPRM was basically a first draft of the regulation. It let the public know about the requirements the Department was considering and gave an opportunity for feedback.

The Department got feedback from the public on the NPRM. Based on that feedback, the Department made changes to certain parts of the rule. A description of the feedback the Department got and how it updated the rule is available in the appendix in the rule.

Who has to follow the web and mobile app accessibility requirements in the rule?

Like the rest of Title II, the rule applies to all state and local governments (which includes any agencies or departments of state or local governments) as well as special purpose districts, Amtrak, and other commuter authorities.

State and local governments that contract with other entities to provide public services for them (like non-profit organizations that run drug treatment programs on behalf of a state agency) also have to make sure that their contractors follow Title II.

Examples of state and local governments include:

State and local government offices that provide benefits and/or social services, like food assistance, health insurance, or employment services

Public schools, community colleges, and public universities

State and local police departments

State and local courts

State and local elections offices

Public hospitals and public healthcare clinics

Public parks and recreation programs

Public libraries

Public transit agencies

For more information about the responsibilities of state and local governments under Title II, visit our State and Local Governments page.

The Reasons the Department Set Specific Requirements for Web and Mobile App Accessibility

State and local governments provide many of their services, programs, and activities through websites and mobile apps. When these websites and mobile apps are not accessible, they can create barriers for people with disabilities.

For example, individuals who are blind may use a screen reader to deliver visual information on a website or mobile app as speech. A state or local government might post an image on its website that provides information to the public. If the website does not include text describing the image (sometimes called "alternative text" or "alt text"), individuals who are blind and who use screen readers may have no way of knowing what is in the image because a screen reader cannot "read" an image.

Websites and mobile apps that are not accessible can make it difficult or impossible for people with disabilities to access government services, like ordering mail-in ballots or getting tax information, that are quickly and easily available to other members of the public online. Sometimes, inaccessible websites and mobile apps can keep people with disabilities from joining or fully participating in civic or other community events like town meetings or programs at their child's school.

This rule will help make sure people with disabilities have access to state and local governments' services, programs, and activities available on websites and mobile apps. This rule will also provide state and local governments with more clarity about what they have to do to comply with the ADA.

You can find more information about why the Department made this rule in the section of the rule called "Need for Department Action."

Highlights of the Requirements in the Rule

The rule's requirements for making web content and mobile apps accessible are highlighted below. The full rule explains these requirements in more detail.

Requirement: The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) Version 2.1, Level AA is the technical standard for state and local governments' web content and mobile apps.

This rule sets a specific technical standard that state and local governments must follow to meet their existing obligations under Title II of the ADA for web and mobile app accessibility.

WCAG, the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, is a set of guidelines that say what is needed for web accessibility, such as requirements for captions for videos. WCAG is developed by the World Wide Web Consortium.

You can find more information about why the Department picked WCAG 2.1, Level AA as the technical standard for state and local governments' web content and mobile apps in the rule in the section of the appendix called "Technical Standard-WCAG 2.1 Level AA."

Requirement: State and local governments' web content usually needs to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA.

Requirement: State and local governments' mobile apps usually need to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA

Can state and local governments provide web content or mobile apps that follow a higher standard than WCAG 2.1, Level AA?

Yes, this rule does not stop a state or local government from using designs, methods, or techniques as alternatives to WCAG 2.1, Level AA if the state or local government can prove the alternatives provide the same or more accessibility and usability. The rule refers to this as "equivalent facilitation." The rule allows this so that state and local governments can have some flexibility, while also making sure that people with disabilities still have equal access to state and local government web content and mobile apps.

Example: There may be new web accessibility standards that are developed in the future, such as WCAG Version 3.0. Under this rule, a state parks department would probably be allowed to create a new mobile app for campground reservations that meets a future standard if the standard provides the same or more accessibility and usability than WCAG 2.1, Level AA.

Exceptions: In limited situations, some kinds of web content and content in mobile apps do not have to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA.

It is important that state and local governments can prioritize so they can choose the most important content-like current or commonly used information-to make accessible to people with disabilities quickly.

There are limited exceptions for some kinds of content that are not as frequently used or that may be particularly hard for state and local governments to address right away.

If an exception applies to certain content, it means that content would not have to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA.

In the next section, we describe the exceptions and provide examples of how they might apply. We also give examples of when the exceptions would not apply.

The ADA requires that state and local governments must provide individuals with disabilities with effective communication, reasonable modifications, and an equal opportunity to participate in or benefit from their services, programs, and activities. So even when web content or content in mobile apps does not have to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA, a state or local government would likely still need to provide the content to a person with a disability who needs it in a format that is accessible to them.

Summary of the Exceptions

1. Archived web content

State and local governments' websites often include a lot of content that is not currently used. This information may be outdated, not needed, or repeated somewhere else. Sometimes, this information is archived on the website.

Web content that meets all four of the following points would not need to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA:

1. The content was created before the date the state or local government must comply with this rule, or reproduces paper documents or the contents of other physical media (audiotapes, film negatives, and CD-ROMs for example) that were created before the government must comply with this rule, AND

2. The content is kept only for reference, research, or recordkeeping, AND

3. The content is kept in a special area for archived content, AND

4. The content has not been changed since it was archived.

Example: A water quality report from 1998 that a state has stored in an "archive" section of its website and has not updated would probably fall under the exception. The exception would also probably apply to handwritten research notes or photos that go with the 1998 water quality report that the state scans and posts to its website in the archive section.

The exception does not apply unless all four points are present. If any point is missing, the content generally must meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA unless another exception applies.

What the exception does not change

2. Preexisting conventional electronic documents

Some state and local governments have a lot of old documents, like PDFs, on their website. It can sometimes be hard to make these documents meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA.

Documents that meet both of the following points usually do not need to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA, except in some situations:

1. The documents are word processing, presentation, PDF, or spreadsheet files; AND

2. They were available on the state or local government's website or mobile app before the date the state or local government must comply with this rule.

Example: This exception would probably apply to a PDF flyer for a Thanksgiving Day parade posted on a town's website in 2018, or a Microsoft Word version of a sample ballot for a school board election posted on a school district's website in 2014.

The exception does not apply unless both points are present. Where either point is missing, the document generally needs to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA.

When the exception does not apply: Documents that are currently being used to apply for, access, or participate in a state or local government's services, programs, or activities do not fall under the exception even if the documents were posted before the date the government has to comply with the rule.

Example: A state posted a PDF version of a business license application on its website in 2020. Members of the public still use that PDF to apply for a business license after the date the state has to comply with the rule. The exception would not apply to the application and it would usually need to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA.

3. Content posted by a third party where the third party is not posting due to contractual, licensing, or other arrangements with a public entity

Third parties sometimes post content on state and local governments' websites or mobile apps. Third parties are members of the public or others who are not controlled by or acting for state or local governments. The state or local government may not be able to change the content third parties post.

This exception only applies to content posted by a third party. Content that is not posted by a third party usually needs to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA. This includes:

1. Third-party content posted by the state or local government.
Example: Many state or local governments post content on their websites that is developed by an outside technology company, like calendars, scheduling tools, maps, reservations systems, and payment systems. This content wouldnot fall under the exception, and it would usually need to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA, because it is posted by the state or local government.

2. Content posted by a state or local government's contractor or vendor.
Example: If a state or local government uses a company to design, manage, or update its website, the content the company posts for the government wouldnot fall under the exception, and it would usually need to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA.

3. Tools and platforms that allow third parties to post content.
Example: If the state or local government has a message board platform on its website, that platform wouldnot fall under the exception, and it would usually need to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA, because the message board was added to the website by the state or local government. However, the exception would probably apply to posts by third parties on that platform.

What the exception does not change

4. Individualized documents that are password-protected

State and local governments sometimes use password-protected websites to share documents that are for specific individuals, like a water or tax bill. It might be hard to make all of these documents accessible right away for everyone, and there might not be a person with a disability who needs access to these documents.

Documents that meet all three of the following points do not need to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA:

1. The documents are word processing, presentation, PDF, or spreadsheet files, AND

2. The documents are about a specific person, property, or account, AND

3. The documents are password-protected or otherwise secured.

Example: A PDF version of a water bill for a person's home that is available in that person's secure account on a city's website would probably fall under the exception. However, the exception does not apply to the city's website itself.

The exception does not apply unless all three points are present. If any point is missing, the content usually must meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA. Here are some examples related to a town water bill:

What the exception does not change

5. Preexisting social media posts

For many state and local governments, making all of their past social media posts accessible may be impossible. There also may be very little use to making these old posts accessible because they were usually intended to provide updates about things happening at the time they were posted in the past.

For these reasons, social media posts made by a state or local government before the date the state or local government must comply with this rule do not need to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA.

Example: This exception would apply to a 2017 social media post by a city's sanitation department announcing that trash collection would be delayed due to a snowstorm.

What the exception does not change

If none of the exceptions apply, do state and local governments always have to make web content and content in mobile apps meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA?

Usually, yes. But there are some situations where meeting WCAG 2.1, Level AA is not required:

Under the ADA rules, state and local governments do not need to take actions that would result in a fundamental alteration or an undue burden. This is also true for this rule. Determining what is a fundamental alteration or undue burden is different from entity to entity and sometimes from one year to the next.

For more information about fundamental alteration and undue burden, see the final rule in the section of the appendix called "Section 35.204 Duties" and the Department's State and Local Governments page.

Other Information About Complying with the Rule

Use of Conforming Alternate Versions

Sometimes a state or local government tries to have two versions of the same web content or content in a mobile app: one version that is not accessible and another version that is accessible and provides all the same information and features. The second version is called a "conforming alternate version."

Usually state and local governments should not have a main web page that is inaccessible and a separate accessible version of the same content, because people with disabilities should get equal access to that content on the same page.

Under the rule, state and local governments may use conforming alternate versions as an alternative to inaccessible content only in very limited circumstances. State and local governments are allowed to do this only when there is a technical or legal limitation that prevents inaccessible web content or mobile apps from being made accessible.

For more information about conforming alternate versions and when they are allowed, see the final rule in the section of the appendix called "Section 35.202 Conforming Alternate Versions."

What if an individual with a disability still cannot access web content and mobile apps that meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA?

What Happens If a State or Local Government Has Failed to Meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA in a Minor Way?

In some limited situations, state and local governments may be able to show that their web content or mobile apps do not meet WCAG Version 2.1, Level AA in a way that is so minor that it would not change a person with a disability's access to the content or mobile app. If the state or local government can show that, then they are not violating the rule.

State and local governments cannot use this part of the rule to avoid trying to meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA. If a state or local government's web content does not fully meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA, there are many things the government would have to prove to show that they did not violate the rule.

Example that violates the rule: A state's online renewal form does not meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA. Because of that, a person with a manual dexterity disability may need to spend a lot more time to renew their professional license online than someone without a disability. This person might also need to get help from someone who does not have a disability, give personal information to someone else, or go through a much harder and frustrating process than someone without a disability. Even if this person with a disability could ultimately renew their license online, the state would violate the rule.

Example that meets the rule: A state's web page with information about a park has text with a color contrast ratio that is 4.45:1. WCAG 2.1, Level AA requires a color contrast ratio of 4.5:1 for this text. It can be hard for some people with vision disabilities to see text on a web page if there is not enough contrast between the color of the text and the background color. But that very small difference in color contrast ratio probably would not change whether most people with vision disabilities could read the text on the website and access the information about the park. If the state can prove the difference in color contrast is so small that it would not make it harder for people with disabilities to access the information about the park, the state would not violate the rule.

For more information, see the final rule in the section of the appendix called "Section 35.205 Effect of Noncompliance That Has a Minimal Impact on Access."

How Long State and Local Governments Have to Comply with the Rule

State and local governments must make sure that their web content and mobile apps meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA within two or three years of when the rule was published on April 24, 2024, depending on their population.

You can find more information about why the Department is requiring compliance with this timeline in the rule in the section of the appendix called "Requirements by Entity Size."

State and local government size

Compliance date

0 to 49,999 persons

April 26, 2027

Special district governments

April 26, 2027

50,000 or more persons

April 24, 2026

After this time, state and local governments must continue to make sure their web content and mobile apps meet WCAG 2.1, Level AA.

ADA Information Resources

If you have questions about this rule or the ADA, you can call the Department's ADA Information Line.

Another source of information is the ADA National Network. The National Network includes ten regional centers that provide ADA technical assistance to businesses, state and local governments, and individuals with disabilities. One toll-free number connects you to the center in your region: 800-949-4232 (Voice and TTY).

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Fact Sheet: New Rule on the Accessibility of Web Content and Mobile Apps Provided by State and Local Governments

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The Department of Justice published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) on July 20, 2023 explaining how we propose updating the regulations for Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to add more specific requirements about web and mobile application accessibility.

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Article - Digital Commerce: Complete guide to the future of commerce

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Article - Digital Commerce: Complete guide to the future of commerce

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Digital Commerce: Complete guide to the future of commerce | CloudInary. (2024, October 3). Cloudinary. https://cloudinary.com/guides/e-commerce-platform/digital-commerce-complete-guide-to-the-future-of-commerce

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Digital Commerce: Complete Guide to the Future of Commerce | Cloudinary

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Learn about the importance of digital commerce for the modern economy, business models, challenges, and important trends moving digital commerce forward.

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Article - E-commerce defined: types, history, and examples

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Article - E-commerce defined: types, history, and examples

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Bloomenthal, A. (2024, September 24). E-commerce defined: types, history, and examples. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/ecommerce.asp

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What Is Electronic Commerce (Ecommerce)?

Electronic commerce (ecommerce) refers to companies and individuals that buy and sell goods and services over the Internet. Ecommerce operates in different types of market segments and can be conducted over computers, tablets, smartphones, and other smart devices. Nearly every imaginable product and service is available through ecommerce transactions, including books, music, plane tickets, and financial services such as stock investing and online banking. As such, it is considered a very disruptive technology.

Key Takeaways

Understanding Ecommerce

As noted above, ecommerce is the process of buying and selling tangible products and services online. It involves more than one party along with the exchange of data or currency to process a transaction. It is part of the greater industry that is known as electronic business (ebusiness), which involves all of the processes required to run a company online.

Ecommerce has helped businesses (especially those with a narrow reach like small businesses) gain access to and establish a wider market presence by providing cheaper and more efficient distribution channels for their products or services. Target ( TGT) supplemented its brick-and-mortar presence with an online store that allows customers to purchase everything from clothes and coffeemakers to toothpaste and action figures right from their homes.

Providing goods and services isn't as easy as it may seem. It requires a lot of research about the products and services you wish to sell, the market, audience, competition, as well as expected business costs.

Once that's determined, you need to come up with a name and set up a legal structure, such as a corporation. Next, set up an ecommerce site with a payment gateway. For instance, a small business owner who runs a dress shop can set up a website promoting their clothing and other related products online and allow customers to make payments with a credit card or through a payment processing service, such as PayPal.

Special Considerations

Ecommerce has changed the way people shop and consume products and services. More and more people are turning to their computers and smart devices to order goods, which can easily be delivered to their homes. As such, it has disrupted the retail landscape. Amazon and Alibaba have gained considerable popularity, forcing traditional retailers to make changes to the way they do business.

But that's not all. Not to be outdone, individual sellers have increasingly engaged in ecommerce transactions via their own personal websites. And digital marketplaces such as eBay or Etsy serve as exchanges where multitudes of buyers and sellers come together to conduct business.

History of Ecommerce

Most of us have shopped online for something at some point, which means we've taken part in ecommerce. So it goes without saying that ecommerce is everywhere. But very few people may know that ecommerce has a history that goes back before the internet began.

Ecommerce actually goes back to the 1960s when companies used an electronic system called the Electronic Data Interchange to facilitate the transfer of documents. It wasn't until 1994 that the very first transaction. took place. This involved the sale of a CD between friends through an online retail website called NetMarket.

The industry has gone through so many changes since then, resulting in a great deal of evolution. Traditional brick-and-mortar retailers were forced to embrace new technology in order to stay afloat as companies like Alibaba, Amazon, eBay, and Etsy became household names. These companies created a virtual marketplace for goods and services that consumers can easily access.

New technology continues to make it easier for people to do their online shopping. People can connect with businesses through smartphones and other devices and by downloading apps to make purchases. The introduction of free shipping, which reduces costs for consumers, has also helped increase the popularity of the ecommerce industry.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ecommerce

Ecommerce offers consumers the following advantages:

Convenience: Ecommerce can occur 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Although ecommerce may take a lot of work, it is still possible to generate sales as you sleep or earn revenue while you are away from your store.

Increased selection: Many stores offer a wider array of products online than they carry in their brick-and-mortar counterparts. And many stores that solely exist online may offer consumers exclusive inventory that is unavailable elsewhere.

Potentially lower start-up cost: Ecommerce companies may require a warehouse or manufacturing site, but they usually don't need a physical storefront. The cost to operate digitally is often less expensive than needing to pay rent, insurance, building maintenance, and property taxes.

International sales: As long as an ecommerce store can ship to the customer, an ecommerce company can sell to anyone in the world and isn't limited by physical geography.

Easier to retarget customers: as customers browse a digital storefront, it is easier to entice their attention towards placed advertisements, directed marketing campaigns, or pop-ups specifically aimed at a purpose.

But there are certain drawbacks that come with ecommerce sites, too. The disadvantages include:

Limited customer service: If you shop online for a computer, you cannot simply ask an employee to demonstrate a particular model's features in person. And although some websites let you chat online with a staff member, this is not a typical practice.

Lack of instant gratification: When you buy an item online, you must wait for it to be shipped to your home or office. However, e-tailers like Amazon make the waiting game a little bit less painful by offering same-day delivery as a premium option for select products.

Inability to touch products:Online images do not necessarily convey the whole story about an item, and so ecommerce purchases can be unsatisfying when the products received do not match consumer expectations. Case in point: an item of clothing may be made from shoddier fabric than its online image indicates.

Reliance on technology: If your website crashes, garners an overwhelming amount of traffic, or must be temporarily taken down for any reason, your business is effectively closed until the ecommerce storefront is back.

Higher competition: Although the low barrier to entry regarding low cost is an advantage, this means other competitors can easily enter the market. Ecommerce companies must have mindful marketing strategies and remain diligent on SEO optimization to ensure they maintain a digital presence.

Ecommerce Businesses

Types of Ecommerce

Depending on the goods, services, and organization of an ecommerce company, the business can opt to operate several different ways. Here are several of the popular business models.

Business to Consumer (B2C)

B2C ecommerce companies sell directly to the product end-user. Instead of distributing goods to an intermediary, a B2C company performs transactions with the consumer that will ultimately use the good. This type of business model may be used to sell products (i.e. your local sporting goods store's website) or services (i.e. a lawncare mobile app to reserve landscaping services). This is the most common business model and is likely the concept most people think about when they hear ecommerce.

Business to Business (B2B)

Similar to B2C, an ecommerce business can directly sell goods to a user. However, instead of being a consumer, that user may be another company. B2B transactions are often entail larger quantities, greater specifications, and longer lead times. The company placing the order may also have a need to set recurring goods if the purchase is for recurring manufacturing processes.

Business to Government (B2G)

Some entities specialize as government contractors providing goods or services to agencies or administrations. Similar to a B2B relationship, the business produces items of value and remits those items to an entity. B2G ecommerce companies must often meet government requests for proposal requirements, solicit bids for projects, and meet very specific product or service criteria. In addition, there may be joint government endeavors to solicit a single contract through a government-wide acquisition contract.

Consumer to Consumer (C2C)

Established companies are the only entities that can sell things. Ecommerce platforms such as digital marketplaces connect consumers with other consumers who can list their own products and execute their own sales. These C2C platforms may be auction-style listings (i.e. eBay auctions) or may warrant further discussion regarding the item or service being provided (i.e. Craigslist postings). Enabled by technology, C2C ecommerce platforms empower consumers to both buy and sell without the need of companies.

Consumer to Business (C2B)

Modern platforms have allowed consumers to more easily engage with companies and offer their services, especially related to short-term contracts, gigs, or freelance opportunities. For example, consider listings on Upwork. A consumer may solicit bids or interact with companies that need particular jobs done. In this way, the ecommerce platform connects businessess with freelancers to enable consumers greater power to achieve pricing, scheduling, and employment demands.

Consumer to Government (C2G)

Less of a traditional ecommerce relationship, consumers can interact with administrations, agencies, or governments through C2G partnerships. These partnerships are often not in the exchange of service but rather the transaction of obligation. For example, uploading your Federal tax return to the IRS digital website is an ecommerce transaction regarding an exchange of information. Alternatively, you may pay your tuition to your university online or remit property tax assessments to your county assessor.

Types of Ecommerce Revenue Models

In addition to crafting what type of ecommerce company a business wants to be, the business must decide how it wants to make money. Due to the unique nature of ecommerce, the business has a few options on how it wants to process orders, carry inventory, and ship products.

Drop Shipping

Often considered one of the easier forms of ecommerce, drop shipping allows a company to create a digital storefront, generate sales, then rely on a supplier to provide the good. When generating the sale, the ecommerce company collects payment via credit card, PayPal, cryptocurrency, or other means of digital currency. Then, the ecommerce store passes the order to the dropship supplier. This supplier manages inventory, oversees the warehouse of goods, packages the goods, and delivers the product to the purchaser.

White Labeling

White label ecommerce companies leverage already successful products sold by another company. After a customer places an order, the ecommerce company receives the existing product, repackages the product with their own package and label, and distributes the product to the customer. Although the ecommerce company has little to no say in the product they receive, the company usually faces little to no in-house manufacturing constraints.

Wholesaling

A more capital-intensive approach to ecommerce, wholesaling entails maintaining quantities of inventory, keeping track of customer orders, maintaining customer shipping information, and typically having ownership of the warehouse space to house products. Wholesalers may charge bulk pricing to retailers or unit prices for consumers. However, the broad approach to wholesaling is to connect to buyers of large quantities or many smaller buyers of a similar, standardized product.

Private Labeling

Private labeling is a more appropriate ecommerce approach for companies that may not have large upfront capital or do not have their own factory space to manufacture goods. Private label ecommerce companies send plans to a contracted manufacturer who makes the product. The manufacturer may also have the ability to ship directly to a customer or ship directly to the company receiving the order. This method of ecommerce is best suited for companies that may receive on-demand orders with short turnaround time but are unable to handle the capital expenditure requirements.

Subscription

Ecommerce companies can also leverage repeating orders or loyal customers by implementing subscription services. For a fixed price, the ecommerce company will assemble a package, introduce new products, and incentivize locking to a long-term agreement at a lower monthly price. The consumer only places an order once and receives their subscription order at a fixed cadence. Common subscription ecommerce products include meal prep services, agriculture boxes, fashion boxes, or health and grooming products.

Example of Ecommerce

Amazon is a behemoth in the ecommerce space. In fact, it is the world's largest online retailer and continues to grow. As such, it is a huge disrupter in the retail industry, forcing some major retailers to rethink their strategies and shift their focus.

The company launched its business with an ecommerce-based model of online sales and product delivery. It was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994 as an online bookstore but has since expanded to include everything from clothing to housewares, power tools to food and drinks, and electronics.

Company sales increased by 38% in 2020 from the previous year, totaling $386.1 billion compared to $280.5 billion in 2019. Amazon's operating income also jumped to $22.9 billion for the 2020 fiscal year from $14.5 billion in 2019. Net income rose from $11.6 billion in 2019 to $21.3 billion by the end of 2020.

As the world adapted to the constraints of COVID-19, ecommerce capitalized on the opportunity to further distance itself from in-store shopping. In 2021, Amazon's net income rose to $33.4 billion, and it ended the year with over $42 billion of cash on hand. Amazon has stated as a result of the pandemic, the company recognized three years' worth of forecasted growth in about 15 months.

How Do You Start an Ecommerce Business?

Make sure you do your research before you start your business. Figure out what products and services you're going to sell and look into the market, target audience, competition, and expected costs.

Next, come up with a name, choose a business structure, and get the necessary documentation (taxpayer numbers, licenses, and permits if they apply).

Before you start selling, decide on a platform and design your website (or have someone do it for you).

Remember to keep everything simple at the beginning and make sure you use as many channels as you can to market your business so it can grow.

What Is an Ecommerce Website?

An ecommerce website is any site that allows you to buy and sell products and services online. Companies like Amazon and Alibaba are examples of ecommerce websites.

What Is the Difference Between Ecommerce and Ebusiness?

Ecommerce involves the purchase and sale of goods and services online and is actually just one part of an ebusiness. An ebusiness involves the entire process of running a company online. Put simply, it's all of the activity that takes place with an online business.

What Is an Example of Ecommerce?

Dollar Shave Club offers customers personal grooming, health, and beauty products. Customers can opt for what product(s) they want shipped to them and can sign up for long-term memberships to have products sent to them on a recurring basis. Dollar Shave Club procures goods in bulk from other companies, then bundles those products, maintains membership subscriptions, and markets the products.

What Are the Types of Ecommerce?

An ecommerce company can sell to customers (B2C), businesses (B2B), or agencies such as the government (B2G). Ecommerce can also be performed by customers who sell to business (C2B), other customers (C2C), or governments (C2G).

The Bottom Line

Ecommerce is just one part of running an ebusiness. While the latter involves the entire process of running a business online, ecommerce simply refers to the sale of goods and services via the internet. Ecommerce companies like Amazon, Alibaba, and eBay have changed the way the retail industry works, forcing major, traditional retailers to change the way they do business.

If starting an ecommerce site is something you're considering, make sure you do your research before you start. And make sure you start with small, narrow focus to ensure that you have room to grow.

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Ecommerce Defined: Types, History, and Examples

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Electronic commerce (ecommerce) refers to companies and individuals that buy and sell goods and services over the Internet. Ecommerce operates in different types of market segments and can be conducted over computers, tablets, smartphones, and other smart devices.

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Blog Post - Digital commerce – A complete solution on commerce 2024

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Shetty, A., & Shetty, A. (2024, August 5). Digital commerce – A complete solution on commerce 2024. Yellow.ai. https://yellow.ai/blog/digital-commerce/

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Digital Commerce: A Complete Solution on Commerce 2023 - yellow.ai

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Digital commerce and conversational AI complement each other seamlessly, resulting in a significant boost to customer satisfaction and retention. Read on to learn how.

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Digital Commerce – azuredigitalcs. (n.d.). https://azuredigitalcs.com/digital-commerce/

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Article - Digital Commerce: Difference from Ecommerce + Trends

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Article - Digital Commerce: Difference from Ecommerce + Trends

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Team, B. (2024, January 18). Digital Commerce: Difference from Ecommerce + Trends. BigCommerce. https://www.bigcommerce.com/articles/ecommerce/digital-commerce/

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Industry-changing technologies have established ecommerce as a viable channel for selling products and services over the last 20 years.

Now transactions are possible anywhere a customer has a WiFi connection. Commerce can happen via smartphone apps, mobile devices, social media ads, live stream videos, virtual and augmented reality (AR), and even a TV or fridge.

By 2026, the market it's estimated to reach approximately $8.1 trillion in sales. The growth of ecommerce means connecting with customers throughout your buyer's journey is essential. How adaptable your business is to industry trends will determine your potential for success.

A digital commerce plan can help you navigate changes as your business scales. Digital commerce expands the ecommerce business model for an integrated approach that tailors the user experience to their interests and preferences.

It's the digital transaction between you and your customers, providing an end-to-end process for selling products through channels without human assistance.

Businesses that fail to adapt to the evolving digital commerce ecosystem are at risk of being left out of tomorrow's online marketplace.

Discover how a digitally targeted approach gives you a competitive edge that can attract new customers, increase sales and lifetime value, and produce a more profitable journey.

Digital Commerce vs. Ecommerce: The big difference

Digital commerce and ecommerce are often used interchangeably but address different aspects of the buyer journey. Knowing the differences can help you better connect with customers at every touchpoint.

Ecommerce.

Ecommerce involves creating a website or store to sell products and services to customers. Then the process ends after the order shipment is complete.

However, the customer journey starts before they visit your store and continues even after order fulfillment. So ecommerce only covers a single aspect of the entire customer cycle.

Digital commerce.

When a customer views a social ad or discovers your brand from a Google search, digital commerce is happening. Digital commerce is the 2.0 version of ecommerce, a fully optimized successor.

If ecommerce is the method, digital commerce is the strategy for delivering a personalized user experience.

Digital commerce encompasses the full scope of processes and technologies in selling products and services online, from initial customer engagement and acquisition to retention and post-purchase activities.

Such as search engine optimization, market research, product descriptions, CRM, retargeted social advertisement, data analytics, payment software, supply chain management, and the logistics involved in efficiently shipping items from the warehouse to your customer.

Why digital commerce can help elevate business

Digital commerce's adaptability lends your business various benefits. The approach has the potential to grow your store's reach, differentiate your business from competitors, embrace emerging technologies, and create an immersive shopping experience that sustains your brand in a global market.

Lower overhead costs.

Digital commerce reduces the need for physical infrastructure and associated maintenance of brick-and-mortar stores, leading to cost savings.

The online self-service features, automated systems and efficient inventory management minimize errors and require fewer employees to manage operations, administrative tasks, and extensive customer service support.

Ability to scale quickly.

As business operations scale, digital commerce provides flexibility and agility to adapt quickly to market changes and customer demands. Attention to digital commerce will make it easy to introduce products or services, respond swiftly to market trends, capitalize on growth opportunities, access detailed customer data, and optimize your strategy.

Increased visibility.

Digital commerce allows you to go anywhere your customers are and provide a highly targeted user experience.

One way that it increases your store's visibility is through effective SEO. Optimizing website content, meta tags, titles, and product descriptions with relevant keywords can improve your search engine ranking and make it easier for customers to find your storefront.

Other strategies that help new customers discover your products include paid advertising, social media marketing, email campaigns, and customer reviews.

Greater transparency in pricing and product info.

Digital commerce platforms empower customers with accurate and detailed product and pricing information, customer reviews, and tools to compare and evaluate products effectively. This transparency fosters trust, builds confidence, and improves the overall shopping experience.

Providing real-time stock availability information reduces the likelihood of ordering out-of-stock items and avoids potential frustrations or delays. This insight is particularly vital for large-scale retailers with a fluctuating inventory.

As 47 percent of online shoppers abandon their carts because of unforeseen charges like shipping and taxes, added price transparency ensures customers understand the total cost (base rate, discounts, promotions, shipping fees, or taxes) before purchasing the product.

With price comparison tools, Q&A sections, and live chat functionality, customers can make informed decisions based on their desired balance of price and value.

Discover Why Enterprises Need Composable Commerce

Now is the time for enterprises to invest in a future-fit composable commerce solution that enables digital innovation..

Digital commerce challenges to keep in mind

New technologies and multiple access points to customers provide more engagement opportunities but can create unique challenges. Being aware of potential pitfalls can help you spot areas of concern and take action early to deter customer frustration.

Converting customers online.

With so much attention and resources focused on capturing new customers, retention is sometimes overlooked.

You've already done the hard work of convincing customers to buy your product or service and delivered on your promise, so it's much easier to re-engage them for future purchases. It can cost five to seven times more to acquire a new customer than to nurture a previous shopper.

Use surveys and product reviews to gauge customer satisfaction and changing interests. Retarget users through marketing automation to offer promotions and incentives.

Distinguishing your business from competitors.

Technology decreases operational costs and buying time, but the dark side of a humanless process is impersonal experiences that do not distinguish your brand from the competition.

Remember that customers are more than numbers. Review your digital commerce strategy and employ social listening to identify what consumers want, think, and feel.

Implementing effective website security.

Multiple touchpoints and third-party technologies - payment processing platforms, content management systems, and increased access controls - can put your store at risk of a security breach.

Regularly updating software, employing encryption for data transitions, training team members in best practices and conducting routine security audits can assess vulnerabilities and implement multi-step authentication that protects customer data and maintains trust in your brand.

Meeting new technology expectations.

Customer expectations can change overnight. The digital commerce approach that works today could be yesterday's news. Technologies constantly evolve and each year brings new features.

You must update your strategy regularly to stay current. Integrating emerging trends like artificial intelligence (AI), chatbots, voice commerce, and augmented reality will position your brand as an industry leader.

Growing trends in digital commerce

The foundation of a successful digital commerce platform is innovation. To win in this ecommerce game, you must work from a customer-centric mindset, look to the future and keep pushing the limits of what's possible.

Leveraging technologies and trends like sustainable and headless commerce streamlines the customer experience and supports a seamless and convenient buying process.

Artificial intelligence.

Seventy percent of ecommerce decision-makers believe AI will help personalize their customer journey. AI uses sophisticated data analysis, logic-based techniques and machine learning to optimize options, define actions, trigger behaviors, interpret patterns, make predictions and product recommendations, and automate the marketing strategy.

The data-driven technology assesses user age, gender, location and interests to provide tailored content customers want to see and engage with. It mimics human cognition and functionality to solve problems and learn new customer information.

Incorporating AI into your digital commerce strategy can help improve user engagement and sales and removes friction during the purchasing stage.

Personalization and recommendation engines

Customers don't want to feel like they're one of many. They are willing to pay more for a unique user experience, and, in contrast, a poor encounter can keep a customer from returning for future business.

Consumers are more likely to engage with your store when the marketing message addresses their needs and interests. A tailored user experience encourages the belief that you care about your customers and builds loyalty to your product and brand.

A unique user experience should span all channels, brick-and-mortar locations and apps. Each interaction should flow into the next for a comprehensive understanding of the customer's journey, including site searches, targeted ads, audience segmentation, and product suggestions.

For instance, when customers shop in person, have them opt into a digital newsletter or email list to receive promotions for future purchases.

Data can help you deliver personalized content across interactions or even allow consumers to create their own experiences. Continuously analyze insights to better guide consumer behavior, make a good impression, and enhance content.

AI chatbots

According to IBM's 2020 research, most customer interactions would happen without a human agent. A study by Gartner estimates that by 2027, approximately 25% of organizations will specifically use chatbots as their primary customer service channel.

Chatbots provide instant and automated customer support by answering frequently asked questions, addressing common issues and troubleshooting errors. They can simultaneously handle a high volume of inquiries, reducing the need for human intervention.

With this scalable method of engaging with customers, delivering personalized experiences and automating routine tasks, you can improve satisfaction and increase efficiency.

Headless and API-driven ecommerce.

In a headless ecommerce architecture, the front-end presentation layer or customer-facing website and application "the "head" is separate from the back-end or commerce functionality, "the body."

The separation allows you to update, customize and develop the front-end independently using any technology stack without impacting the back-end core commerce functionalities such as inventory management, order fulfillment, and payment processing.

APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) facilitate communication between both ends.

A headless approach provides flexibility, scalability, and compatibility with various front-end technologies. You can easily integrate features to adapt to a changing market and ensure customers receive consistent, relevant and efficient content and commerce experiences across touchpoints.

Combining headless commerce with your physical store operations can ensure accurate updates on inventory and shipping.

Voice commerce.

Voice command is a hands-free and intuitive way for users to interact with technology. It enables users to interact with digital devices, such as smartphones, smart speakers, or wearable devices, using spoken commands or queries rather than typing or clicking.

Users can initiate product searches, add items to their shopping carts, place orders, and track deliveries when manual input is impractical, such as while driving or multitasking. This feature is appealing to users seeking a quick, effortless transaction.

Virtual assistants like Amazon's Alexa and Apple's Siri utilize user preferences and shopping histories to provide personalized product recommendations and offers based on individual needs and interests, increasing retail sales conversion rates.

As virtual assistants rise in popularity, voice-activated technology will play an increasingly prominent role in how people engage in online shopping.

Sustainable digital commerce.

Customers today are increasingly concerned about the environmental impact of their purchasing decisions. Sustainable digital commerce addresses these concerns by offering eco-friendly products, reducing packaging waste, optimizing logistics to minimize carbon emissions, and promoting responsible consumption.

Sustainable digital commerce emphasizes transparency and ethical practices throughout the supply chain. It provides customers with information about product origins, certifications, and eco-labeling, enabling them to make informed choices.

Brands that offer high-quality, durable products that sustain longevity and product lifespan, reduce the need for replacements and drive innovation in product design, packaging, and operational practices.

By aligning with customer values, sustainable products minimize negative environmental impacts and promote social responsibility.

Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR).

The lines that once existed between the physical and digital worlds are blurring. Augmented reality (AR) technology creates a highly-stimulated view of an alternate world using images, sound, feelings, and even smell to emulate reality.

Augmented and virtual reality allows customers to test, experience and form an emotional connection to your products before purchasing, like a virtual eyewear station or a digital fitting room.

This trend helps you understand consumer preferences without wasting time, resources and money on unneeded physical in-store inventory.

Request a Demo

Schedule time with us to walk through the BigCommerce platform.

The final word

We're in a new age of commerce. The modern customer may seem demanding, but they know what they want, and it's your job to know as well.

With digital commerce, you can assess user interests and behaviors throughout your channel landscape to provide a tailored, cohesive customer experience.

Utilizing analytics, trending technology, and customer feedback, you can deliver a process intuitive to users changing behavior and growing product demand.

When considering digital commerce platforms, look for a tool that unifies your interactions and provides a straightforward path for navigating the process.

FAQs about digital commerce

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Digital Commerce: Difference from Ecommerce + Trends

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Discover how a digitally targeted approach gives you a competitive edge that can attract new customers and produce a more profitable journey.

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The Power of Digital Communication and Collaboration

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Importance Of Digital Collaboration In Classroom

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The importance of digital collaboration in classroom is tremendous, from getting connected to working together seamlessly.

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What is Netiquette? 20 Internet Etiquette Rules

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What is netiquette? ✓ With these 20 rules, you and your children will learn the right behavior on the internet and in online communication. ✓

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Council Post: Digital Etiquette: The Proper Way To Conduct Business Correspondence

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Anyone who wants to make a good impression on colleagues, management and business partners should learn digital etiquette.

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Online etiquette is about more than asking that troll to please pass the mousepad! Learn the do’s and don’ts of netiquette, and how to create respectful emails, IMs, and blogs.

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Mastering Digital Etiquette for Confident Online Interactions

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Learn the essentials of digital etiquette to navigate online interactions confidently, improving communication and maintaining professionalism.

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In a digital context for learning, fluency involves using technologies “ readily and strategically to learn, to work, and to play, and the infusion of technology in teaching and learning to improve outcomes for all students.”

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Advanced technologies may not look impressive at first, while our thinking catches up with their potential. The language of "more, better, faster" lets us know when we are approaching technology with a limiting, incremental, analog mindset-and indicates where we need to raise the minimum level of fluency so we can see what's really possible.

For an example of analog vs. digital thinking, consider the internet. Early users thought of the internet as an incremental improvement on analog ways of doing things: more information (online news papers), a better way to promote products (the banner advertisement), and a faster postal system (e- mail). Most people couldn't foresee what paradigms the internet makes possible today (like social networks, massive multiplayer gaming and remote robotic surgery, to name but a few) until a critical mass of people-from many disciplines-became fluent in how it worked and discovered new digital ways of thinking about value, information and community.

To further explore digital ways of thinking and see how they can be effectively used to move your project or business' growth rate from 10% to 10X, check out our Exponential Thinking guidebook.

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Upgrade to the Thinking, Data, Business Models, Tools and Skills of the Digital Era.

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As technology becomes interwoven into our work, home, and personal lives, digital information is rapidly overtaking print communication as we step into a digitally connected world. To navigate this transformation, society must be able to effectively and ethically use digital tools to learn, create, and share information and find innovative ways to bridge the gap between humans and technology. “Being digitally fluent allows you to obtain content from a digital environment, understand the purpose behind that content, and identify the systems that go into creating and delivering that information,” says Josh Gaul, Associate Vice President & Chief Digital Learning Office, Edge. “Digital fluency is an awareness of how everything works together. We must recognize that every piece of content in a digital environment has mechanisms, including human and automated decisions, that are involved in presenting that information. Additionally, there are also ramifications for finding, using, and sharing that content.”

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"Digital Wellness" sounds like it should be about using digital technology to make yourself well - like wearing a Fitbit or using a meditation app - but that's not quite the whole story. Digital...

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We are in a relationship with our technology. We take it with us everywhere we go, we work with it, we relax with it, we sleep with it and we wake up next to it. The truth is that, ultimately, we need technology. However, just like any relationship, our interactions with technology can carry some negative impacts on our well-being.

In this age overwhelmed by technology, our digital wellness is more important than ever.

What is digital wellness?

Digital wellness is defined by sociologists Marco Gui, Marco Fasoli and Roberto Carradore as "a state where subjective well-being is maintained in an environment characterized by digital communication overabundance."

The ability to navigate this crazy environment of technology and emerge with "a sense of comfort, safety, satisfaction and fulfillment" is what ultimately determines our digital wellness.

We can achieve this through making mindful decisions regarding our relationship and interactions with technology. In this article, we look at a few ways we can fine tune our technology use to work toward this state of digital wellness.

1. Be aware of technology use and your emotions

Life has its fair share of stressors. How we perceive our life stress and how we manage the resulting emotions can have a significant effect on our mental health.

Unfortunately, it can be all too easy to take to technology and social media to cope with this stress in ways that are hurt our overall well-being. Difficulties managing our emotions have been linked by research to increased levels of smartphone use, internet gaming disorder and unhealthy social media use.

So, if you notice a big uptick in your time spend gaming or mindlessly surfing the web, it may be a good time to check in with your emotional needs.

However, it isn't all bad news when discussing the link between technology and our emotions. It is possible to use our technology to our emotional advantage. Research has shown that social media can act as a buffer against the impact of geographical isolation and loneliness.

Remember: it's our relationship with and how we use technology that matters! When we engage in supportive interactions using online technology, we are less likely to feel depressed. Additionally, the internet is often one of the first accessed resources when seeking emotional help and education. We can use technology to make a positive impact not only on ourselves, but the community around us as well!

2. Look at the opportunity loss

Our time is valuable, and where we spend our time affects our well-being. Technology use often means being sedentary and staying indoors. There is nothing wrong with enjoying your time inside, but we often forget the wellness benefits we could see just from spending time outside.

Spending time outdoors can:

Increase physical activity

Lower rates of depression

Lead to faster recovery from stress.

Create more opportunities for social connections

Even when we aren't planning on going outside, technology can still take up more of our precious time than we intend. According to the Digital Wellness Institute, once you pick up your phone, you have a 50% chance of picking up your phone a second time within the next three minutes. It is all too easy to get caught in this technological loop and lose time that could be spent in healthier activities or spent more productively during the workday.

Bottom line: make a mindful decision about how you spend your time!

3. Be mindful of social media and social comparison

For better or worse, social media is heavily engrained into the landscape of many peoples' digital well-being. When you're on social media, your brain is doing a very important job-comparing yourself to what you see.

According to the Social Comparison Theory, this comparison plays a significant role in self image and subjective well-being. We can compare ourselves upward to someone we see as better than ourselves, downward to someone we see as inferior, or laterally to someone we see as an equal. When we approach these comparisons with a negative mindset, we see higher rates of depression.

If you feel like your online interactions are mostly negative, it may be time to take a break.

How we compare ourselves to others is what's important-but it's not all bad! Recent research has shown it is also possible to draw inspiration from upward comparison, giving us a boost to our self-concept. We also rate our own abilities as greater when we maintain a friendship with someone who we compare upwardly to. Our relationship with online technology has real impacts on our relationships in real life. Try to make your online interactions just as positive as the interactions in your day-to-day.

4. Stay safe with technology

There is inherent risk that comes with using technology. We open ourselves up to people stealing our accounts, a never-ending stream of online scams, false information and cyberbullying. Navigating this environment with so many threats to our digital wellness may seem overwhelming at times. To help with this, Julia Feerrar with the University of Virginia put together this list of reflections for evaluating your online health:

Use different passwords for each account

Use two-factor authentication to log in

Adjust privacy settings for your accounts

Backup your content

Organize your files

Update your operating systems, browsers, and apps

Think carefully when sharing personal information

Google yourself

Maintain a portfolio or collection of your work

Communicate respectfully

Evaluate the credibility of sources before sharing them

Make intentional choices about how you spend your time

Unplug when you're feeling overwhelmed

Using this list as a reference, you can target areas that you may be putting ourselves at risk when using technology, and make some intentional, mindful decisions to reduce the risk that comes with technology.

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Digital wellness: 4 ways to improve your digital well-being

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Mobiz. (2024, June 6). What is digital wellness? Mobiz. https://mobizinc.com/resources/what-is-digital-wellness/

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Understand the concept of digital wellness, why it matters, and how you can improve digital wellbeing through work-life balance in this digital world

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Digital Law. (n.d.). Digital Citizenship. https://millerdigitalcitizenship.weebly.com/digital-law.html

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Digital law is defined as electronic responsibility for actions and deeds. In other words, digital law refers to what you are and are not allowed to do while using the Internet. Ethical use…

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What is Digital Law? (2022, April 7). https://parents.grps.org/resource/what-is-digital-law/

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3 Things You Should Know About Digital Laws - Halt.org

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When it comes to online communication and digital laws, there are a few things you should be aware of. Learn about them in this short overview.

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Laws & Regulation- Digital Litearcy Guide

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Blog Post - What is Cyber Law? Importance, Types, and Objectives

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Blog Post - What is Cyber Law? Importance, Types, and Objectives

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Gaur, N. (2024, October 16). What is Cyber Law? Importance, Types, and Objectives. Intellipaat. https://intellipaat.com/blog/what-is-cyber-law/

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Cyber law deals with the legal aspects of cyberspace, the internet, and computing. In a broader view, cyber law handles the issues of intellectual property, contract, jurisdiction, data protection laws, privacy, and freedom of expression in the digital space.

In addition to regulating the overall internet's happenings and crimes, cyber law recognizes popular usages, which include e-documents. Earlier, contracts, agreements, or anything of a legal nature was made on paper. With the recognition of e-documents and digital signatures, the world is moving fast toward a paperless future. Since this reduces the use of paper and increases sustainability, these processes are widely encouraged by several environmental enthusiasts.

The very first cyber law to exist was the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (1986.) Currently, there are several cyber laws around the world, and the penalties, punishments, and regulations vary to an extent.

Following are the common cyber crimes covered by cyber law around the globe; by understanding the same, you will understand the importance of cyber law.
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Types of Cybercrime

DDoS and botnet:

This is one of the top arenas covered by cyber law, in general. Large websites are usually a target for hackers looking to steal data or extort money from site owners. Hackers do so by generating traffic beyond the site's capacity, which, eventually, crashes the site. When the site is not functioning, the hackers steal the data or contact the site owner and demand money to restore the site.

This type of attack is known as a DDoS attack and is done via the botnet system.

Identity theft

Identity theft, as per cyber law, is the stealing of someone's identity and passing it off as your own in an online forum. This is a serious concern in cyber law because hackers steal your private and confidential information and use the same for malicious gains.

Cyberstalking:

Cyberstalking, as per cyber law, is the usage of an entity's social media or online information to threaten, stalk, or extort money from them. The data collected by the attacker is, generally, sensitive and can cause issues such as security breaches, defamation, and more.

Social engineering

The concept of social engineering in cyber law is stealing by gaining confidence. Through social engineering, criminals usually target people who have considerably less knowledge and understanding of the functioning of banks, social media, and digital operations, in general.

By posing as a trustworthy person or customer care representative, criminals gain access to people's banks or social media accounts and proceed to sell the data gained through the same. Sometimes, the accounts can be hacked for extortion as well.

PUPs

It is usually popular advice by cyber law experts to avoid installing unknown software for the simple reason that malware can be installed into your computer and files can be stolen. Furthermore, spyware can be installed on your computer for malicious purposes as well.

This mode of gaining access or stealing data via adware, spyware, etc., is known as potentially unwanted programs (PUPs.) This is why it is common to advise cyber law and computer experts to make use of authorized service centers only.

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Phishing

Phishing is a crime where the hackers gain access to a person's device via a link; the link, in a simple glance, would look authentic. The link can include gift cards, games, etc. Sometimes, links come via mail claiming that your data is stolen, and by clicking the link you can restore it.

The above-mentioned are a few of the many crimes that are identified by cyber law experts around the globe.

Following is the treatment of cyber law in Indian jurisdiction.
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Importance of Cyber Law

Cyber law is of paramount importance in our digital age as it safeguards digital assets, prevents cybercrimes, regulates online activities, protects e-commerce and consumer rights, fosters international cooperation, upholds intellectual property rights, ensures data privacy, and provides legal remedies. It plays a vital role in establishing legal order and security in the digital realm, protecting both individuals and organizations in an interconnected world.
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Cyber Law in India: A Brief Understanding

India witnesses many cybercrimes annually, with over 44,000 reported cases. Among the states in India, Karnataka emerges as the leader in terms of cybercrime rates. According to a 2022 report by Statista, the average cost of data breaches was USD 2 million in India. This financial impact reflects the consequences of data breach incidents. For more detailed statistical information, please refer here.

Cyber law in India is governed by two key legislations: the Indian Penal Code and the Information Technology Act of 2000. These legal frameworks provide the necessary guidelines and provisions to address cybercrime and protect digital assets and individuals' rights in cyberspace.

A variety of cybercrimes are addressed by Indian cyber laws, covering two main aspects: hacking systems and employing them to commit crimes of different magnitudes. Additionally, Indian cyber law encompasses a comprehensive range of domains, such as intellectual property rights and privacy rights, among others.

Cyber law in India encompasses a broad range of subjects, although it is important to note that the list provided is not exhaustive. Similar concepts may also be addressed in other jurisdictions globally. The following outlines the various types of cybercrimes and the corresponding cyber law protections.
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Fraud

Cyber law in India identifies the theft of identities, credit cards, and other finance-based crimes as fraud; these cybercrime offenses may lead to fines, imprisonment, or both.

Cyber law in India protects copyrighted works present in online forums. The accused are punished based on the Copyright Act and other applicable acts, rules, and regulations.

Defamation

The Indian constitution ensures the right to speech, but it comes with limitations; when the limitations are crossed, it constitutes defamation. A person who defames another person or an organization will be punished under cyber law.

But, What constitutes defamation activity online? In brief, according to cyber law, spreading false information or information without evidence online constitutes defamation activity.

Indeed, with the growth of social media usage, stronger cyber law protection is required against defamation.

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Harassment and stalking

Cyber law in India protects online users from harassment and stalking. When someone speaks in a targeted way against you online, it would constitute harassment. The factors of harassment are circumstantial.

When online information is used to harass someone, it is known as stalking.

Harassment and stalking are serious offenses in India that have repercussions in both civil law and criminal law.

Trade secrets

In general, trade secrets are confidential information about companies. Attempting to leak confidential information to the public or using the same for monetary gain is a serious offense, as per Indian cyber law. The penalty for leaking or using trade secrets is determined by the gravity of the injury experienced by the infringing party.

But, why exactly is cyber law in action against cybercrimes? What are its objectives? The following section will answer the same.

Types of Cyber Law

There are several types of cyber laws, each addressing specific aspects of digital activities and cybersecurity. Here are some common categories of cyber laws:

Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Regulations:

As digital currencies and blockchain technology gain prominence, regulations address issues like cryptocurrency trading, initial coin offerings (ICOs), and blockchain-based contracts.

These are just a few examples of the types of cyber laws that exist to govern and regulate various aspects of digital activities, protect individuals' rights, and ensure cybersecurity in the digital age. The specific laws and regulations can vary significantly from one jurisdiction to another.

Objectives of Cyber Law

Lawmakers have executed cyber law legal protections with the following objectives: The following features of cyber law make the internet a much safer place to explore:

To be a safety net against online data predators.

To ensure justice for cybercrime victims

To prevent debit card or credit card fraud. Many people have switched to digital payment methods. Cyberlaw tries to make sure that victims do not have to go through the additional agony of long procedures.

To block transactions when there is any unusual activity such as the input of an incorrect password.

To ensure the safety of protected data. By knowing what cyber law is, one can easily adopt preventative measures.

To ensure national security.

The various advantages of cyber law include the following:

Better protection of e-commerce sites ensures better revenue for the companies; this, in turn, ensures a better economy for the country.

Grievances for online transactions will be heard by the court as a part of the remedial measures of cyber law.

Recognition of e-documents and grievances on the same will be heard by the court.

Fixing security issues by the companies leads to better data protection standards.

Ensuring proper usage of data by the companies.

The above-mentioned are a few of the popular aspects of cyber law in India. This is not legal advice. If you require cyber law remedies, contact a lawyer immediately.
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How to protect yourself on the Internet

Try to maintain a few social media accounts as possible. Every information you put online is a potential way to hack your account. If you are serious about maintaining your presence on several social media platforms, always ensure that your passwords are strong. Regular changing of passwords is a great way of protecting your data from hackers. You can use password manager apps to create strong passwords. Two-factor authentication would add an additional layer of security for sure.

Always question the app's access permission. When you download any app/ visit any website, you will be requested a particular number of permissions. If basic permissions are requested, it is fine. However, if permissions are requested to access sensitive information such as your gallery and such, immediately deny such requests. More so, quit the website immediately/ delete the app immediately.

Free wi-fi is always intriguing. But oftentimes it is a honeytrap laid by hackers to lure you into using it. When you access the internet via free wifi, hackers can easily get into your device, spread viruses, steal information, and more of a similar sort.

Finally, always be suspicious of any "too good to be true" kind of messages/ calls. If you get any such calls/ messages, always report to the respective officials immediately.
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Conclusion

Cyber law is very important to ensure the safety of the digital world, across boundaries. Always ensure that you protect your systems from any cyber attack by being aware of the applicable cyber laws.

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What is Cyber Law? Importance, Types, and Objectives

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This guide explains everything you need to know about Cyber Law's importance, types (Data Protection, Cybercrime, etc.), and objectives. Read on to learn more

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Learning Resource - What are my digital rights and responsibilities?

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What Are My Digital Rights and Responsibilities?

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In this Byte, you will discover your digital rights and responsibilities when using the internet and technology

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What about digital rights? - Living Democracy

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We live in a digital era, and digital rights – closely linked to freedom of expression and privacy – are those that allow people to access, use, create and publish digital media, as well as access and use computers, other electronic devices and communications networks....Read More…

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Digital rights, essential in the Internet age

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In the era of digitalisation, law needs to be adapted to protect and safeguard fundamental rights. Digital rights, closely linked to freedom of expression and privacy, are those that allow people to access, use, create and publish digital media, as well as access and use computers, other electronic…

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What are Digital Rights? (It’s Importance and Types)

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Digital Rights mean that everyone should have the right to keep their personal information private and safe. These rights also make sure that everyone, no matter how much money they have, can use the internet equally.

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Privacy vs. Security: Exploring the Differences & Relationship | Okta

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What Is Digital Security: Overview, Types and Application

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Digital security has multiple applications across diverse industries and with an increasing demand for cybersecurity professionals.

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Digital Privacy Definition: What Is Digital Privacy & Digital Safety

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In this post, we’ll talk about the definition of digital privacy as well as how it’s necessary for both individuals and companies to protect digital rights