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Flourish: https://flourish.studio/

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DataWrapper:https://app.datawrapper.de/select/map

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Valdivia, A. (2024). The supply chain capitalism of AI: a call to (re)think algorithmic harms and resistance through environmental lens

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Valdivia, A. (2024). The supply chain capitalism of AI: a call to (re)think algorithmic harms and resistance through environmental lens

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Valdivia, A. (2024). The supply chain capitalism of AI: a call to (re)think algorithmic harms and resistance through environmental lens. Information, Communication & Society, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2024.2420021

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The supply chain capitalism of AI  a call to  re think algorithmic harms and resistance through environmental lens

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Critical AI Art: Eryk Salvaggio — Cybernetic Forests.

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Critical, experimental and investigatory AI artwork dating back to 2019. Includes generated video, sound, text, and images.

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Join the Algorithmic Justice League in the movement towards equitable and accountable AI.

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In today's world, AI systems are used to decide who gets hired, the quality of medical treatment we receive, and whether we become a suspect in a police investigation. While these tools show great promise, they can also harm vulnerable and marginalized people, and threaten civil rights. Unchecked, unregulated and, at times, unwanted, AI systems can amplify racism, sexism, ableism, and other forms of discrimination.

The Algorithmic Justice League's mission is to raise awareness about the impacts of AI, equip advocates with empirical research, build the voice and choice of the most impacted communities, and galvanize researchers, policy makers, and industry practitioners to mitigate AI harms and biases. We're building a movement to shift the AI ecosystem towards equitable and accountable AI.

Coded Bias: a documentary

Learn how the Algorithmic Justice League began in the Coded Bias film. The film highlights the stories of people who have been impacted by harmful technology and shows pioneering women sounding the alarm about the threats artificial intelligence poses to civil rights. The documentary premieres at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2020.
Learn more

Become an agent of change.

Become an agent of the Algorithmic Justice League and help us grow the movement towards equitable and accountable AI.

AJL swag is available for purchase.

*AJL products on Fight for the Future's store is not an endorsement, or promotion of any policy positions, views or initiatives.

Respect isn't just about being recognized or not recognized.

It is also about having agency regarding the processes that govern our lives. As companies, governments, and law enforcement agencies use AI to make decisions about our opportunities and freedoms, we must demand that we are respected as people.

The Safe Face Pledge provides organizations with actionable and measurable steps toward accountable AI. The pledge prohibits the lethal application of facial recognition since developing equitable AI includes halting and preventing its harmful use. When your organization takes the Safe Face Pledge, they commit to:

Show value for human life, dignity, and rights

E mbed responsibility and accountability into everyday business practices

take the pledge

You've seen the film. Now help us build the movement!

Become a monthly sustainer and help the Algorithmic Justice League build a movement towards equitable and accountable AI.

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Algorithmic Justice League - Unmasking AI harms and biases

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Join the Algorithmic Justice League in the movement towards equitable and accountable AI. Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. In today's world, AI systems are used to decide who gets hired, the quality of medical treatment we receive, and whether we become a suspect in a police investigation.

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https://www.stefanieposavec.com/projects/insights-in-ink

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Insights in Ink: UN Women Myanmar — Stefanie Posavec

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That question became real when UN Women invited me to use the Dear Data format to highlight the experiences of women gender and peace activists in Myanmar.

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From an award-winning project comes an inspiring, collaborative book that makes data artistic, personal - and open to all.

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by Tung-Hui Hu

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We may imagine the digital cloud as placeless, mute, ethereal, and unmediated. Yet the reality of the cloud is embodied in thousands of massive data centers,…

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The Cloud Is Material: On the Environmental Impacts of Computation and Data Storage

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The Cloud Is Material: On the Environmental Impacts of Computation and Data Storage

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https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/

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Normal Text

The five boxing wizards jump quickly.

Large Text

The five boxing wizards jump quickly.

Graphical Objects and User Interface Components

Web accessibility testing can be difficult! The experts at WebAIM can audit your web site and provide a detailed report to help you remediate accessibility and WCAG compliance issues.

Learn more about WebAIM Evaluation Services

Explanation

Enter a foreground and background color in RGB hexadecimal format (e.g., #FD3 or #F7DA39) or choose a color using the color picker. The Lightness slider can be used to adjust the selected color.

WCAG 2.0 level AA requires a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text. WCAG 2.1 requires a contrast ratio of at least 3:1 for graphics and user interface components (such as form input borders). WCAG Level AAA requires a contrast ratio of at least 7:1 for normal text and 4.5:1 for large text.

Large text is defined as 14 point (typically 18.66px) and bold or larger, or 18 point (typically 24px) or larger.

Hint: Colorzilla is an excellent tool for extracting the color value from any page element. Additionally, WAVE can analyze contrast ratios for all page text elements at once.

Use our link contrast checker to evaluate links that are identified using color alone.

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How Much Users Know About ‘Permission’ When They Permit: The Case of the Facebook App

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How Much Users Know About ‘Permission’ When They Permit: The Case of the Facebook App

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Abdullah Hasan Safir, University of Cambridge

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AI Glossary: 3 entries: Model Collapse, Arts Based Research, Carceral AI

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Track down a number of hardware problems using the PowerBook G4 Aluminum 15" 1.67 GHz troubleshooting guide.

There are a number of components in the PowerBook G4 Aluminum 15" 1.67 Ghz that can be cost effectively upgraded.

Memory: RAM increases speed and performance of applications. Upgrading RAM is easy and requires minimal disassembly. The Aluminum 15" 1.67 GHz uses PC2-5300 RAM, and we offer different sizes, from 512 MB to 1 GB. Check out our easy PowerBook G4 Aluminum 15" 1.67 GHz RAM installation instructions.

Hard Drive: There are two factors to consider when upgrading your hard drive. The most obvious upgrade is total amount of space. However, disk speed also significantly contributes to performance. Your Aluminum 15" 1.67 GHz uses hard drives with an ATA connector, ranging from 2 to 320 GB and from 4200 to 7200 RPM. Browse our hard drives to find what works best for you. With our tools and instructions, you can install your new hard drive yourself!

Optical Drive: The optical drive can be upgraded fairly easily. You can upgrade to a variety of optical drives. If you're sure you don't need to burn DVDs, a combo drive will suffice, while the 8x SuperDrive will allow you to burn DVDs as well as CDs. Check out our easy PowerBook G4 Aluminum 15" 1.67 GHz Optical Drive installation instructions.

The PowerBook G4 Aluminum 15" 1.67 GHz featured a higher resolution screen than any previous 15" PowerBook, with a 1400x960 pixel display. PowerBook G4 Aluminum 15" 1.67 GHz laptops can be identified by the model number of A1138 printed on the lower case.

Use the laptop identification system to help you identify your machine. PowerBooks tend to look very similar, and it's important to know which machine you have before ordering any replacement parts.

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PowerBook G4 Aluminum 15" 1.67 GHz Repair Help: Learn How to Fix It Yourself.

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Find free step-by-step repair instructions, manuals, schematics, community support, and other DIY resources. You can do it! We show you how.

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From the early PowerBook to the latest MacBook Air, we explore the evolution of Apple's laptops and the innovative changes each generation brought.

A major tool for college students and creative professionals alike, Apple's laptops have dominated the way users approach productivity on the go.

The MacBook line debuted in 1991 - though there have been a variety of different naming conventions and models over the years. Remember the early PowerBooks of the 1990s? The iBook G3? And of course the biggest news in recent years has been the arrival of MacBooks powered by Apple's M-series chips in 2021.

From the original PowerBook to the newest MacBook Pro and the Air, we explore the evolution of Apple's iconic laptops and the innovative changes each generation brought.

PowerBook 100

IDG / Danamania (CC BY-SA 3.0)

A successor to Apple's first-ever laptop - the Mac Portable - the PowerBook 100 featured a setback keyboard, which made room for palm rests, and a front-and-center trackball - for both left- and right-handed users - that would set the default standard for laptops.

Although it was criticized for lacking a floppy disk drive, it went on to become a huge success. Manufactured by Sony, it featured a Motorola 68000 processor, 2MB of RAM and a 9-in. backlit LCD. PCworld named it the 10 th greatest PC of all time in 2006.

PowerBook 500

IDG / Danamania (CC BY 2.5)

Apple released its PowerBook 500 series in 1994. It included a trackpad, which replaced the trackball, a built-in microphone, Ethernet and stereo speakers. Depending on the model, it also included a 9.5-in. black-and-white or color display and a Motorola 68LC040 CPU.

PowerBook G3

IDG / Danamania (CC BY 3.0)

The PowerBook G3 was Apple's most customizable laptop. It offered a PowerPC G3 chip that was up to two times faster than the Pentium and Pentium II processors used in PC notebooks and desktops, a CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drive, built-in video output, swappable expansion bays for multiple storage options and lithium-ion batteries. It also featured a flip-up keyboard for easy access to the RAM expansion slot and removable hard disk drive.

iBook G3

IDG / Apple

Now known as the "clamshell," Apple's first iBook design was influenced by the first iMac. It featured a polycarbonate shell in two translucent colors, a 12.1-in. high-resolution active-matrix display, a built-in CD-ROM drive, a 3.2GB hard disk drive, wireless networking and a convenient carrying handle.

Powered by a PowerPC G3 processor, it included a 6-hour lithium-ion battery and a trackpad that supported tap, double-tap and dragging capabilities. Its integrated power plug glowed amber when the battery was charging and turned green when it was fully charged. The iBook G3 also included a sleep indicator beacon light that indicated when the iBook was asleep or turned off.

PowerBook Titanium G4

IDG / Apple

Apple unveiled its Titanium PowerBook G4 in 2001. It featured a PowerPC G4 processor, a slot-loading DVD drive and had a 5-hour battery life. At 1-in. thick and 5.3 pounds, it included a 15.2-in. TFT widescreen active-matrix display and outperformed Pentium III-based notebook systems by up to 30%. Apple's use of metal as an exterior casing would later become standard in all Mac products.

MacBook Pro

IDG / Apple

Apple released the first MacBook Pro, which featured a 1-in. thick aluminum enclosure and weighed 5.6 pounds, in February 2006. It was the first MacBook to feature a backlit keyboard and Apple's new MagSafe magnetic power connector - a failsafe method to keep the MacBook Pro from getting damaged if the power cord was accidentally tugged. The MacBook Pro also included a 67% brighter display, a scrolling trackpad, and Apple's Sudden Motion Sensor that was designed to protect the hard drive in case of a fall.

The first Mac notebook based on an Intel processor, the 15-in. MacBook Pro delivered up to four times the performance of the PowerBook G4. Apple released a 17-in. model a few months later.

MacBook (2006)

IDG / Apple

Apple released the "MacBook" in 2006 to replace both the iBook and 12-in. PowerBook so that its entire portable lineup offered Intel Core Duo processors. With its sleek design, Apple reported its new MacBook was "the world's most advanced consumer notebook." At 1 in. thick, it was 20% thinner than the iBook.

It was up to five times faster than the iBook and up to four times faster than the 12-in. PowerBook. It featured a 13.3-in. glossy widescreen display that was 79% brighter than the iBook and PowerBook, a built-in iSight video camera, a MagSafe power adapter, Sudden Motion Sensor, a scrolling trackpad and came in two colors: white and black.

MacBook Air

IDG / Apple

Apple's game-changing MacBook Air was the world's thinnest notebook when CEO Steve Jobs famously introduced it by pulling it out of an envelope during Macworld 2008. Because of its thinness, the MacBook Air was the first Mac to remove the optical Superdrive and feature a multitouch trackpad with gestures.

It included a 13-in. LED display and a full-size, backlit keyboard along with a built-in iSight video camera. Apple later introduced an 11.6-in. model to compete with netbooks and ultrabooks.

MacBook (2008)

IDG / Apple

Apple refreshed its white polycarbonate MacBook with a new aluminum unibody enclosure and a multitouch trackpad. Steve Jobs boasted the new MacBook was the industry's greenest notebook, as it met "stringent Energy Star 4.0, EPEAT Gold and RoHS environmental standards, leading the industry in the elimination of toxic chemicals by containing no brominated flame retardants, using only PVC-free internal cables and components, and using energy efficient LED-backlit displays that are mercury-free and made with arsenic-free glass."

The entry-level MacBook featured all-metal enclosures, pro-performance notebook graphics and was priced $700 less than the 2006 MacBook Pro to appeal to a wider audience.

MacBook Pro with Retina Display

IDG / Apple

Apple first brought its notable high-resolution display from the iPhone over to its Mac lineup with the MacBook Pro with Retina Display. At the time, it was the world's highest resolution notebook display on the market, with over 5 million pixels - 3 million more than a high-definition television. It was also the lightest MacBook Pro ever and nearly as thin as the MacBook Air.

The MacBook Pro with Retina Display, like the MacBook Air, didn't include an optical Superdrive but did include solid-state flash storage. Apple notably nixed the "MacBook Pro" text from the lower bezel and moved it to the bottom chassis in favor of a minimalistic look. This generation was also the first (and last) to feature an HDMI port, along with refined speakers and a thinner MagSafe 2 power port. Apple introduced a 13-in. model with Retina display a few months later; in 2015, Apple dropped the "with Retina display" suffix and updated its MacBook Pro line with Force Touch enabled trackpads.

MacBook (2015-2019)

IDG / Apple

Apple brought back the beloved MacBook after the line merged with the MacBook Pro in 2009. At just 2 pounds and only 13.1 mm thick, the new MacBook overtook the MacBook Air as the thinnest and lightest Mac ever. It included a 12-in. Retina display, a redesigned butterfly mechanism keyboard and a Force Touch trackpad.

Apple introduced Thunderbolt 3/USB-C ports in favor of the MagSafe adapter and standard USB-A ports for a slimmer form factor and increased power efficiency. Along with a fanless design, the new MacBook was available in a slew of different colors to match the iPhone 6s and iPad Pro lineup - gold, silver, space gray, and later, rose gold. Apple killed off the MacBook in July 2019, ending model overlap with the MacBook Air.

MacBook Pro (2016)

IDG / Apple

2016 marked the 25 th anniversary for Apple's line of portable computers. That year, Apple introduced its newest iteration of the MacBook Pro at a special event in October. The refresh included a thinner, lighter chassis that rivaled the MacBook Air - so much so that the MacBook Pro without Touch Bar replaced it entirely (though Apple strategically kept the Air available at an entry level price point of $999).

Apple also unveiled upgraded 13-in. and 15-in. models with a new and revolutionary input device: the multitouch OLED Touch Bar, which replaced the row of traditional function keys and dynamically adapted for each active application. The Touch Bar models also included an integrated Touch ID sensor; Thunderbolt 3/USB-C ports; a 50% larger trackpad; a second-generation butterfly mechanism keyboard; a brighter, wider gamut display in line with the iPhone 7 and iPad Pro; a significantly faster PCIe-based solid state drive; improved speakers with better dynamic range; and a new color previously only available in the 2015 MacBook - space gray. Apple noted that there were more online orders for the laptop than there had been for any previous MacBook Pro.

MacBook Pro (2017-2019)

IDG / Apple

Apple unveiled a revised MacBook Pro in July 2019, with new Coffee Lake chips from Intel, including optional 8-core processors in the more expensive 15-in. model. (That model also can be ordered with up to 32GB of RAM.) Both the 13-in. and 15-in. versions got a new butterfly-style keyboard designed to avoid problems with earlier models. Pricing remained unchanged for the base models (though the entry-level 13-in. version got Apple's Touchbar), with the 13-in. starting at $1,299 and the 15-in. starting at $2,399.

MacBook Air (2018-2019)

IDG / Apple

This generation MacBook Air got a long overdue redesign in late 2018 (and a modest update in 2019); it offers a Retina display like Apple's more expensive laptops and is available in three colors: silver, space gray and gold. The MacBook Air comes with Touch ID, an updated (as of 2019) butterfly-style keyboard and a Force Touch trackpad. It has a 13.3-in. screen, weighs 2.75 pounds, offers up to 1.5TB of storage, up to 16GB of RAM and has two Thunderbolt 3 ports. It runs on a dual-core I5 chip running at 1.6GHz. Pricing starts at $1,099 ($999 with the education discount).

MacBook Pro 16-in. (2019)

Apple / Foundry

The 16-in. MacBook Pro introduced in late 2019 offered the largest Retina Display to date offered in an Apple laptop. The display has a native resolution of 3072×1920 pixels and a 226-ppi pixel density. Almost as noteworthy is the new keyboard, which replaces the old, unloved, butterfly keyboard. It can be ordered with as much as 64GB of RAM and, for the first time, up to 8TB of SSD storage. It features 9 th-gen Intel processors and an advanced thermal design to keep heat levels down. And in another first, it has a high-fidelity six-speaker sound system and an upgraded mic array.

MacBook Pro 13-in. M1 (2020)

Apple / Foundry

The 13-in. MacBook is the first Apple laptop to get the company's new "M1" processor, which is designed to deliver fast speeds while maintaining all-day batter life. "M1 is by far the most powerful chip we've ever created," Apple CEO Tim Cook said, calling the laptop's performance "mind-blowing." The Pro model (announced in tandem with the M1 MacBook Air) arrives with an 8-core CPU, an 8-core CPU, two thunderbolt ports and weighs in at 3 pounds. Other than the new processor, the design remained largely unchanged, though it does get the redesigned "Magic" keyboard. It's available in Silver and Space Gray.

MacBook Air M1 (2020)

Apple / Foundry

The latest MacBook Air (unveiled alongside the M1 13-in. MacBook Pro), gets Apple's new 8-core M1 chip, with either a 7- or 8-core GPU. Apple says the new Air is 3.5x faster than its predecessor with graphics that are 5x faster and SSD performance twice as fast. It features a fanless design that keeps the Air quiet and delivers up to 18 hours of continuous video playback. Like the MacBook Pro, the Air also gets Apple's revamped "Magic" keyboard. It's available in silver, space gray and gold.

MacBook Pro 14-in and 16-in M1 (2021)

Apple / Foundry

The redesigned 16-in. MacBook Pro and the all-new 14-in. version get turbocharged versions of Apple's M1 processor - the M1 Pro and M1 Max. Either model can be ordered with either processor, though upgrading to the M1 Max chips adds several hundred dollars to the bottom line. Apple says the M1 Pro is 70% faster than the M1 chip and offers 3x the memory bandwidth; the M1 Max doubles the GPU to 32 cores for 4x faster GPU performance than the M1. The new design ditches the Touch Bar for physical function keys, gets mini-LED XDR displays, and has three Thunderbolt 4 ports, an SDXC card slot and an HDMI port. There's a 1080p HD camera and six speakers.

MacBook Air M2 (2022)

Apple / Foundry

With the arrival of the new M2 processor, the MacBook Air gets an entirely new design in four different colors and a larger 13.6-in Liquid Retina display. It weighs in at 2.7 pounds, is 11.3mm thick, and - in addition to Silver and Space Gray - now comes in Midnight and Starlight colors. Other additions include a four-speaker sound system, 1080p HD camera, physical function keys, and support for fast charging with an optional 67-watt USB-C power adapter.

MacBook Pro 13-in. M2 (2022)

Apple / Foundry

Unveiled in tandem with the latest MacBook Air, the 13-in. MacBook Pro moves to the M2 chip with an 8-core CPU and a 10-core GPU. It now supports up to 24GB of unified memory and up to 2TB of storage - and remains the only Apple laptop with the Touch Bar. It continues to be offered in Silver and Space Gray, offers a 720p camera, stereo speakers and weighs in at 3 pounds.

MacBook Pro 14-in and 16-in M2 (2023)

Apple / Foundry

Apple started off 2023 with updated versions of the MacBook Pro that feature the company's M2 Pro and M2 Max processors. In addition to being faster than the M1-based models, the new MacBook Pros feature battery life of up to 22 hours. For better wireless connectivity, the new model supports Wi-Fi 6E, up to twice as fast as the previous generation, and advanced HDMI for 8K displays. The M2 Max could be ordered with up to 96GB of unified memory. Both the 14-in. and 16-in. models have Liquid Retina XDR displays, a 1080p FaceTime HD camera, a six-speaker sound system, and studio-quality mics.

MacBook Air 15-in. (2023)

Apple / Foundry

Apple's popular MacBook Air line got an entirely new version with the arrival of the 15.3-in. model, which Apple said is 25% larger than the 13-in MacBook Air. The M2-based laptop features a Liquid Retina display that delivers up to 500 nits of brightness and support for 1 billion colors. Weighing in at 3.3 pounds, this MacBook Air is 11.5mm thick; Apple claimed it is the world's thinnest 15-in. laptop.

The M2 chip in the 15-in. MacBook Air has an 8-core CPU (four performance cores and four efficiency cores), a 10-core GPU, and a 16-core Neural Engine. The M2 also supports up to 24GB of unified memory and offers up to 18 hours of battery life. Other highlights include a silent, fanless design, an all-new six-speaker sound system that can play immersive Spatial Audio, a 1080p FaceTime HD camera, and MagSafe charging.

Available in four colors - midnight, starlight, silver, and space gray - the 15-in. model comes with 8GB of unified memory and starts at $1,299. Fully upgraded models with 24GB of RAM and 2TB of storage cost $2,499.

MacBook Pro 14-in and 16-in M3 (2023)

Apple / Foundry

In something of a surprise, Apple in late 2023 updated the MacBook Pro again - now with new M3-based processors. The new 14-in. MacBook Pro features an M3 Apple Silicon chip, while the 16-in. models get either an M3 Pro or M3 Max processor. The M3 chip in the smaller model has an 8-core CPU, a 10-core GPU, and a 16-core Neural Engine; the M3 Pro comes with a 12-core CPU, an 18-core GPU and either 18GB or 36GB of unified memory; the top-of-the-line M3 Max has a 14-core GPU, a 30-core GPU, and either 36GB or 48GB of unified memory. (The top-end model can be ordered with up to 128GB of RAM and an 8TB SSD, and costs $7,199 in that configuration.)

In addition to unveiling the new 3-nanometer processors, Apple introduced a new color, "space black," a dark aluminum color with a special finish designed to reduce fingerprints. Otherwise, the design and features largely match the M2 models, though the Liquid Retina XDR display can deliver 1000 nits sustained brightness and 1600 nits of peak brightness for HDR content.

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From the early PowerBook to the latest MacBook Air, we explore the evolution of Apple's laptops and the innovative changes each generation brought.

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List of Mac models grouped by CPU type - Wikipedia

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This list of Mac models grouped by CPU type contains all central processing units (CPUs) used by Apple Inc. for their Mac computers. It is grouped by processor family, processor model, and then chronologically by Mac models.

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NVIDIA GPU raw materials including conflict materials 

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NVIDIA GPU raw materials including conflict materials 

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Here you will find general life-cycle assessments of popular materials used by designers and products bought by consumers. These are the results of student research at the University of California - Davis Department of Design. We welcome your additions and corrections.

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Behind a firewall but very interesting on ‘arms race’ of memory chips : https://www.ft.com/content/f3ee292b-ba56-4e9f-944a-da26d5706583

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A Case Study Using the Resumes of Congressional Activity

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check to see if an image is a stock photo

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TinEye is a reverse image search engine. Search by image: Give it an image and it will tell you where the image appears on the web.

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Significant decline in forest cover in Northern India. (Dehradun, Uttarakhand). Produced by Valentyna and Shweta. 

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Significant decline in forest cover in Northern India. (Dehradun, Uttarakhand). Produced by Valentyna and Shweta. 

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Extract Keywords | Free Keyword Extraction | NLP Keyword Extraction | Cortical.io

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Automatically extract keywords from text or from a web page. Keyword extraction or key word extraction takes place and keywords are listed in the output area, and the meaning of the input is numerically encoded as a semantic fingerprint, which is graphically displayed as a square grid.

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Here's the final presentation on Materials & Minerals from Stephanie, Aziza, Jing, Gareth, and Caro! Thank you so much to the Social Data School '25!

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Here's the final presentation on Materials & Minerals from Stephanie, Aziza, Jing, Gareth, and Caro! Thank you so much to the Social Data School '25!

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Materials And Minerals Final Presentation

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Jaime Serra Palou (Lleida, 1964) es artista y periodista. Editor de Infografía e Ilustración de La Vanguardia, diario en el que los domingos publica una inclasificable columna de opinión.

Desde los más prestigiosos medios de Europa y América, lleva 25 años expandiendo los límites de la infografía periodística, ámbito en el que goza de un enorme prestigio. A principios del 2012 fue reconocido por la Society for News Design - SND como el infografista más influyente del mundo en el periodo 1992-2012.

"La infografía es sólo una herramienta. Da igual si es periodismo o arte".
Jaime Serra

Su trabajo ha sido expuesto en Washington DC, Buenos Aires y Barcelona. Infografista, director de infografía e ilustración del diario La Vanguardia. Jaime Serra ha trabajado en el Periódico de Catalunya en los años 90 y es el responsable de la creación de uno de los departamentos de infografía más premiados de la historia de la infografía en el diario Clarín de Buenos Aires.

El jurado decidió otorgar un Premio Gràffica 2013 a Jaime Serra por "la capacidad didáctica de sus trabajos en prensa sin dejar apartado el componente artístico y estético. Por saber fusionar como nadie soportes tan diversos como la animación, la obra gráfica, el arte participativo o la performance para ofrecernos información clara y de calidad. Por su necesidad de comprender las cosas, tratar de asimilarlas y explicarlas. Pero ahí donde muchos profesionales cierran su cuaderno o apagan el ordenador Jaime lleva su trabajo a la vida diaria y a sus inquietudes".

Jaime es un verdadero maestro que crea "obras superlativas que están en el límite entre el arte y la función de la información"; unas piezas que consigue publicar en un medio de comunicación cada domingo, La Vanguardia.

Estas obras hoy en día son utilizadas en Universidades para entender los nuevos caminos de la información. Eso que nació en su mente y fue publicado en un periódico, ahora Jaime Serra lo cuelga en museos de todo el mundo.

→ jaimeserra-archivos.blogspot.com.es

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Jaime Serra, infografista y autor de obras superlativas que están en el límite entre el arte y la información

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Reconocido en 2012 como el infografista más influyente del mundo por la Society for News Design - SND en el periodo 1992-2012, Jaime Serra Palou (Lleida, 1964) es artista y periodista.

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In this book, Susan Schuppli introduces a new operative concept: material witness, an exploration of the evidential role of matter as both registering extern…

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'W. E. B. Du Bois’ staggering Data Visualizations are as powerful today as they were in 1900 (Part 1)'

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'W. E. B. Du Bois’ staggering Data Visualizations are as powerful today as they were in 1900 (Part 1)'

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One of the most powerful examples of data visualization was made 118 years ago by an all-black team led by W.E.B. Du Bois only 37 years after the end of Slavery in the United States.

While Du Bois' legacy is cemented in American history, his data visualizations remain relatively unknown. I'm passionate about Du Bois' story and have been discussing it via a series of articles through the lens of a UX Designer working in data visualization. My hope is that these posts inspire more academics, designers, and data visualization specialists to explore this work further in order to place the work into the proper historical significance it deserves.

This six-part series will cover many aspects of Du Bois's exhibition, and links to all articles are at the end of each part. Be sure to check out the last one - there's a big reveal!
Note: The word "Negro" will appear frequently in this series. It's not a word I take lightly. It is the term Du Bois references throughout this phase of his career and I think it's best to honor and contextualize his use of language for this article.

" The Exhibit of American Negroes" at the Exposition Universelle of 1900 in Paris was created by activist and sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois, in collaboration with educator and social leader Booker T Washington, prominent black lawyer Thomas J. Calloway and students from historically black college Atlanta University.

In his remarkable 1968 Autobiography, Du Bois at the age of 90 recounts a lecture from a lifetime earlier in 1897. "The American Negro deserves study for the great end of advancing the cause of science in general. No such opportunity to watch and measure the history and development of a great race of men ever presented itself to the scholars of a modern nation. If they miss this opportunity - if they do the work in a slipshod, unsystematic manner - if they dally with the truth to humor the whims of the day, they do far more than hurt the good name of scientific truth the world over, they voluntarily decrease human knowledge..."

Du Bois describes the exhibition as " Thirty-two charts, 500 photographs, and numerous maps and plans form the basis of this exhibit. The charts are in two sets, one illustrating conditions in the entire United States and the other conditions in the typical State of Georgia". The data visualizations in "The Exhibit of American Negroes" is therefore split into 2 sections: "A Series of Statistical Charts Illustrating the Condition of the Descendants of Former African Slaves Now in Residence in the United States of America" which focuses on the national view of the data, and a companion work done the same year called "The Georgia Negro".

In the article "The American Negro at Paris" he writes: "It was a good idea to supplement these very general figures with a minute social study in a typical Southern State. It would hardly be suggested, in the light of recent history, that conditions in the State of Georgia are such as to give a rose-colored picture of the Negro; and yet Georgia, having the largest Negro population, is an excellent field of study."

Du Bois continues in his Autobiography: "I wanted to set down its aim and method in some outstanding way which would bring my work to the thinking world. The great World's Fair at Paris was being planned and I thought I might put my findings into plans, charts, and figures, so one might see what we were trying to accomplish."

The resulting exhibition was more than just a scientific report. It was a targeted attempt to sway the world's elite to acknowledge African Americans in an effort to influence cultural change in the USA from abroad. The charts in the exhibition are arranged to tell a story with data that presents a complex picture of a people, their struggle, and their perseverance despite more than a century of enslavement.

This is where I'd like to begin.

The above chart is a masterwork of data journalism. It's hard to look at the chart above and not feel like you've been kicked in the gut. The mountainous black area punctuated by the word(s) SLAVES sits immovable under a green ribbon that opens to the right of the chart.

The story it tells is simple: for 76 years no less than 86% of all African Americans in the USA were enslaved. But like most charts, the subtleties might be easy to miss. The Emancipation Proclamation was signed on Jan 1, 1863, yet it takes an additional 7 years(and a Civil War) for the remaining 6,675,000 enslaved people to find their freedom.

The above is a breakout chart focusing just on 'The Georgia Negro". If one can visualize this chart rotated 90 degrees, this serves as a "double click" on the preceding chart above. It shows the percentage of free African Americans only in the state of Georgia, which at its greatest point was only 1.7% over a 73-year period.

Let's look at the 1860 census to get some sense of scale. Of the total population of 1,057,286 people in Georgia, 462,198 were enslaved - 44% of the entire population.

Remember, the audience for the exposition were the elite leaders in science and business from Europe and the western world. Slavery in America was still very fresh in everyone's mind. Du Bois knew a logical argument presented in scientific terms would provoke conversation and the brutally graphic truth of each of these charts would be impossible to deny.

Du Bois writes "... [the] exhibit which, more than most others in the building, is sociological in the larger sense of the term - that is, is an attempt to give, in as systematic and compact a form as possible, the history and present condition of a large group of human beings." Notice the emphasis on the term 'human beings' consistently linked with 'American Negro'. By acknowledging enslavement as a foundation for African Americans, he also establishes a baseline by which to show how far this large group of human beings has progressed.

In the charts below Du Bois focuses on population growth:

By reducing each chart to its essence, Du Bois adds successive arguments to the larger message. The above chart shows a fairly steady 68% - 88% population growth over a 140-year period.

As early as 1807 an Act Prohibiting the Importation of Slaves was promoted by President Thomas Jefferson which sought to block the flow of slaves into the southern states. Then, in 1820, slave trading became a capital offense, and as promising as that sounds, only 74 cases were raised, few captains were convicted and only one miserable bastard was actually executed.

The chart above is proof that the measures taken to end slaving in the mid-1800s were a failure. Du Bois understood that his cultured audience knew the events and politics more than the raw data he provides - the data itself was an incrimination.

The above chart shows the explosion of the overall US population from 1830 to 1890 with only a marginal rate of increase for the African American population in general. Despite a huge boom in European immigration, few African Americans immigrated to the US during this time. Natural population growth and a decrease in the mortality rate after the 1865 passing of the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery were the likely causes of the increase.

That said, the overall size of the African American population was still massive, which Du Bois brilliantly compares against the entire populations of several European countries below.

In "The American Negro at Paris" Du Bois says "At a glance one can see the successive steps by which the 220,000 Negroes of 1750 had increased to 7,500,000 in 1890; their distribution throughout the different States a comparison of the size of the Negro population with European countries bringing out the striking fact that there are nearly half as many Negroes in the United States as Spaniards in Spain."

By visualizing African American population growth as a small nation growing inside of the American silhouette, Du Bois elegantly crafts a complex argument. As the silhouette of the country grows, the African American population also grows, not at a faster rate but as a distinctly different entity.

This is not a line or bar chart to compare numbers. Du Bois' visualizes the data in terms of distinct nations. When viewed alongside the preceding image showing a fully African American-populated United States in comparison to European countries, Du Bois clearly implies the existence of a separate Negro nation/state.

One of my favorites, the above chart not only shows the fluidity of race as applied to the term 'Negro' but also slyly asserts a sizable portion of the White population had 'Negro blood'.

By crafting a dispassionate argument focused on the numbers Du Bois makes an argument an African American would be prevented from articulating verbally. The massive black area is a sleight of hand to distract from the not-so-subtle accusation on the right side of the chart.

Another "double click" into the Georgia demographic, a single stacked-bar chart puts the emphasis on the values of black and brown to create an 84% block. The blood-red "40%", is a corporeal smear only semi-visible in the center block.

But like the preceding chart, the grouping of the dark values points away from the uncomfortable data showing that 56% majority of African Americans were of some mixed blood.

Despite all odds, the exhibit was extremely popular and was awarded two grand prizes, several gold and silver medals, and 2 honorable mentions.

The main Exposition Report also specifically mentions The Exhibit of American Negroes: "It is impossible to do justice to this exhibit in a few lines of descriptive matter. The material presented was not only of high scientific value, but was shown in the most graphic way. There was no better example at the Exposition of the appreciation of the Exposition idea that exhibits must be made attractive and interesting." ( volume 2, p.408-9)

The noted African American weekly newspaper The Appeal in October of 1900 said: " This is the first time in the history of exposition abroad that the Afro-American has ever taken so important and successful a part...proof that all classes of [the American] population are prosperous, progressive, and valuable citizens."

Unfortunately, reporting of the exhibit and its success were largely ignored in America by the white Press. However, many 'persons of eminence and character' did recognize the effort including Frank Taussing of Harvard who wrote "in my judgment no better work is being done in the country, and no better opportunity is afforded for financial support on the part of those who wish to further the understanding of the Negro problem."

This last statement eventually became part of the problem for Du Bois, and the uplifting change he sought did not manifest in his lifetime. A mix of politics, prejudice, raw emotion, and lack of financial support undermined Du Bois's scientific work - which I cover in part 5 of this series. The next chapter, however, will continue looking at the data visualizations themselves and will cover more of the remaining charts focusing on education and occupation.

The six-part series:

An introduction to the 1900 Paris Exposition, and context for a few charts on history and population growth.

Places this body of work within Du Bois' larger sociological focus and continues the exploration of many of the charts from the exposition with a focus on education, literacy, and occupation.

A detailed examination of how Du Bois drafted his charts, a consideration of this work as a precursor to modernism, and a discussion of his more artistic charts on land ownership and value.

Discoveries on viewing an original chart and further exploration of Du Bois' more innovative designs dealing with occupation, business, and mortality.

Discusses Du Bois's body of work and his frustrations with social science despite widespread attention.

To close out the series I present a previously unknown chart from the series, and discuss the importance of understanding the sequence of the works.
This article originally appeared in Medium but in moving to NightingaleDVS.com, I edited the original text mostly to update some grammar and language substitutions, January 2023.

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W. E. B. Du Bois' staggering Data Visualizations are as powerful today as they were in 1900 (Part 1)

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Part 1 in a series that explores one of the most powerful examples of data visualization was made 118 years ago by an all-black team led by W.E.B. Du Bois only 37 years after the end of Slavery in the United States.

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Socio-ecological impact of Apple and its suppliers based on their data traffic

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Examining Data Infrastructure through a mobile phone’s supply chain

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Big Tech Report by Global Action Plan 2022

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Big Tech Report by Global Action Plan 2022

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How Big Tech’s toxic business model undermines action against climate change.

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From this weekend.

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Presentation on group project (Labour issues in Apple supply chain)

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Hi everyone! Sharing this with you this interesting project that shows that correlation is not aalways causation. On this page you'll find a lot of surprising (and fun!) correlations that clearly show how easy it is to show something as a direct cause of an event/situation that actually requires further investigation.

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1. Fun fact: the chart used on the wikipedia page to demonstrate data dredging is also from me. I've been being naughty with data since 2014. Data dredging: I have 25,237 variables in my database. I compare all these variables against each other to find ones that randomly match up. That's 636,906,169 correlation calculations! This is called "data dredging."
Instead of starting with a hypothesis and testing it, I instead tossed a bunch of data in a blender to see what correlations would shake out. It's a dangerous way to go about analysis, because any sufficiently large dataset will yield strong correlations completely at random.

2. Because these pages are automatically generated, it's possible that the two variables you are viewing are in fact causually related. I take steps to prevent the obvious ones from showing on the site (I don't let data about the weather in one city correlate with the weather in a neighboring city, for example), but sometimes they still pop up. If they are related, cool! You found a loophole. Lack of causal connection: There is probably no direct connection between these variables, despite what the AI says above.
This is exacerbated by the fact that I used "Years" as the base variable. Lots of things happen in a year that are not related to each other! Most studies would use something like "one person" in stead of "one year" to be the "thing" studied.

3. You will calculate a lower chance of "randomly" achieving the result than represents reality.Observations not independent: For many variables, sequential years are not independent of each other. You will often see trend-lines form. If a population of people is continuously doing something every day, there is no reason to think they would suddenly change how they are doing that thing on January 1. A naive p-value calculation does not take this into account.

To be more specific: p-value tests are probability values, where you are calculating the probability of achieving a result at least as extreme as you found completely by chance. When calculating a p-value, you need to assert how many "degrees of freedom" your variable has. I count each year (minus one) as a "degree of freedom," but this is misleading for continuous variables.

This kind of thing can creep up on you pretty easily when using p-values, which is why it's best to take it as "one of many" inputs that help you assess the results of your analysis.

4. Nothing against line graphs. They are great at telling a story when you have linear data! But visually it is deceptive because the only data is at the Y-axes doesn't start at zero: I truncated the Y-axes of the graphs above. I also used a line graph, which makes the visual connection stand out more than it deserves.points on the graph, not the lines on the graph. In between each point, the data could have been doing anything. Like going for a random walk by itself!
Mathematically what I showed is true, but it is intentionally misleading. If you click on any of the charts that abuse this, you can scroll down to see a version that starts at zero.

5. Confounding variable: Confounding variables (like global pandemics) will cause two variables to look connected when in fact a "sneaky third" variable is influencing both of them behind the scenes.

6. In concept, "outlier" just means "way different than the rest of your dataset." When calculating a correlation like this, they are particularly impactful because a single outlier can substantially increase your correlation.Outliers: Some datasets here have outliers which drag up the correlation.

Because this page is automatically generated, I don't know whether any of the charts displayed on it have outliers. I'm just a footnote. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
I intentionally mishandeled outliers, which makes the correlation look extra strong.

7. You can do analyses with low ns! But you shouldn't data dredge with a low n. Low n: There are not many data points included in some of these charts.
Even if the p-value is high, we should be suspicious of using so few datapoints in a correlation.

Pro-tip: click on any correlation to see:

Detailed data sources

Prompts for the AI-generated content

Explanations of each of the calculations (correlation, p-value)

Python code to calculate it yourself

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Correlation is not causation: thousands of charts of real data showing actual correlations between ridiculous variables.

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iPhone 5s components datacenter locations