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The term “Holocaust” is derived from the Greek words “holos” meaning “whole” and “kaustos” meaning “burned” and was first used in the 1950’s to describe the systematic murder of six million Jews and five million non-Jews by the Nazis and their allies between 1933-1945 (The Holocaust).

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The Nuremberg Laws passed in 1935 stripped German Jews of their citizenship. Under these laws Jews and Non-Jews could not marry. Jews could not vote or hold office. The Nuremberg Laws represent the early efforts by the Nazis to dehumanize Jews in Germany.

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Key Historical Concepts in Holocaust Education: Nuremberg Laws

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In 1939 Jews in Poland were the first to be required to wear the "Jewish star".

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From 1940-1945, Jews were forced into the ghettos where they were subjected to deprivation and starvation, before being transported by cattle cars and by foot on death marches to the concentration camps

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The Germans used cattle and freight cars for the deportations. They did not provide the prisoners with food or water, even when the trains had to wait days on railroad tracks.

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Auschwitz opened in 1940 and was the largest of the Nazi concentration and death camps.

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60,000 prisoners were forced to march west by the SS from the Auschwitz. Anyone who fell behind or could not continue was shot. Prisoners suffered from the cold weather, starvation, and exposure on these marches. It is estimated as many as 15,000 prisoners died during the evacuation marches from Auschwitz.

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“The three veteran prisoners, needles in hand, tattooed numbers on our left arms. I became A-7713. From then on, I had no other name" (Night).
Prisoners received tattoos only at one location, Auschwitz.

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In the camps, prisoners were subject to starvation, brutal treatment, and exhausting labor.

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Dehumanization caused people to lose their sense of identity due to the Germans taking away their personal appearance and giving them numbers instead of names.  Death marches physically drained what was left of the prisoners by making them walk non stop in the snow without food or water. “Victims of disease, starvation and execution, they died inside the hellish compounds and death marches away from abandoned camps (“Nazi Concentration Camps)”.

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Elie Wiesel: Universal Lessons of the Holocaust