# data[].attributes.headline
To what extent can Thucydides history be trusted as an accurate and unbiased account of the Peloponnesian wars.

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To what extent can Thucydides history be trusted as an accurate and unbiased account of the Peloponnesian wars.

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Essay Points:
1. Omissions
- Peace of Callias
- Great Gap
- Economics
- Amorges

2. Bias
- Pericles
- Cleon and Brasidas - villain's and heroes.
- Radical democracy
- Spartan character
- Athens Realpolitik

3. Inconsistencies
- Causes of war - Megara and Aegina
- Fault for Sicily

4. Others
- Demosthenes and Cimon

5. Method
- Speeches
- Eyewitness reports
- Chronology
- Eyewitness
- Letters

6. Cross referencing
- Checking accuracy with other sources

Quotes:
1.
Herodotus says Callias was there 'on some buisiness'. After Eurymedon no Persian intervention until Ionian war.

'Pericles had sailed with a large fleet into the Black Sea' - Plutarch.

'But the chief point and the one that they made most clear was that war could be avoided if Athens would revoke the Megarian decree' - Thucydides.

'It is no mere omission. It is a scandal.' - Cawkwell.

2.
‘He told them to wait quietly, to pay attention to their marine, to attempt no new conquests and to expose the city to no hazards during the war’ but he says that what the people did was ‘the very contrary’ ‘Pericles by his rank, ability, known integrity, was enabled to exercise an independent control over the multitude – in short to lead them instead of being led by them’ - Thucydides.

Cleon ‘remarkable among the Athenians for the violence of his character’ and Brasidas ‘commander of genius’ - Thucydides.

‘control over the multitude’. ‘Democracy in name but really government by the first citizen’ 'best government in my time' - Thucydides
His attacks on radical democracy ‘sit oddly with his suggestion elsewhere that the Syracusans were the people who fought most effectively against Athens because they most resembled Athenian character’ – Powell.’

Sparta are 'the most convenient of enemies' - Thucydides. Powell rejects this by saying ‘a claim which is hard to reconcile with the astute and consistent military opportunism of Sparta attested by Thucydides own narrative’ and that he blames Athens 'too much'. Conversely Hornblower agrees with Thucydides.

Badian writes ‘Thucydides has consistently tried to disguise this Realpolitik by selective omission and disinformation, and by delivering his own interpretation of motives and intentions under the guise of facts’. Realpolitik is a political philosophy that emphasizes the importance of power and national interest in international relations.

3.
‘not so much because they were influenced by the speeches of their allies as because they were afraid of the further growth of Athenian power' - Thucydides.
'Aegina, the chief agents in bringing the war upon them' - Thucydides.
'But the chief point and the one that they made most clear was that war could be avoided if Athens would revoke the Megarian decree' - Thucydides.

'Which was not so much an error of judgement about the enemy but the failure of those at home to take the right decisions (prosphora) for the forces overseas' - Thucydides. But he also says 'for the Athenians had made a great mistake in their estimate of the size of Sicily'. And a lack of help was 'an unfair slight in view of the help which he elsewhere records as sent under Demosthenes’ – Powell. ‘they were led by men who were not up to the task.’ – Thucydides.

4.

Thucydides lack of Demosthenes has termed him 'the invisible man'.
Cimon's campaigns were vital to the growth of Athenian power but not celebrated by Thucydides whilst others like Plutarch do - 'threw back the barbarian'.

5.
‘Either I was present myself at the events described or else I heard them from eye-witnesses whose reports I have checked with as much thoroughness as possible. Not that even so the truth was easy to discover’ - Thucydides.

‘Equally useless were prayers made in temples, consultation of oracles and so forth’ – Thucydides.

'He is inaccurate in his dates' - Thucydides.

Letter he used from Pausanias to Xerxes shows he had access to Spartan records.

'the absence of romance in my history will, I fear, detract from its interest; but if it be judged useful by those inquirers who desire an exact knowledge' 'In fine, I have written my work, not as an essay which is the win the applause of the moment, but as a possession for all time' - Thucydides.

6.
Fragments of the treaty between Athens and Argos in 420 found.
Treaty between Athens and Corcyra where he names 3 generals and an inscription holds an official record of these generals dating at 433.
Decrees.
Eclipse at Sicily.

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Evaluate the extent to which Athens was responsible for the victory of the Greeks during the Persian Wars 481–478 BC.

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Evaluate the extent to which Athens was responsible for the victory of the Greeks during the Persian Wars 481–478 BC.

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1. Naval Supremacy
Laurium silver
Salamis naval W
2. Waving their claims at congress
3. Wooden wall etc. manipulation of the Delphic Oracle
Salamis -> fighting in the narrows
Evacuation of the city
4. Leadership -> Miltiades, Themistocles
Ath. dynamism -> naval + land
Manipulation at Salamis sending slave leading to naval W

Quotes:

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Explain the democratic reforms of Ephialtes and Pericles and examine the impact of these reforms on Athens and its people.

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Explain the democratic reforms of Ephialtes and Pericles and examine the impact of these reforms on Athens and its people.

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-          To Boule

“last bastion of aristocracy”

-          To Ecclesia

“the accused was brought before… the ecclesia” (Buckley).

-          To Heliaea

“the jury courts, in which the people have the sovereign power” (Aristotle athenian politics).

-          Citizenship reforms

“the proposal of pericles that a man should not be a member of the citizen body unless both of his parents had been athenian citizens” (Aristotle athenian politics).

-          Magistrate reforms

"the absence of pay meant that the middle classes still dominated as councilors in the boule of 500 and as public officials" (Buckley)

“he had all of the qualifications for generalship, except wealth and social status” (West)

-          Judicial reforms

“pericles was the first man to provide payment for jury service” (Aristotle athenian politics)

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Identify how Athens acquired a land empire between the years 461 and 446 BC and analyse the factors that led to the loss of the land empire. 

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Identify how Athens acquired a land empire between the years 461 and 446 BC and analyse the factors that led to the loss of the land empire. 

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1. Acquired land empire due to:
Circumstances in Sparta
Callias?
Greater role of demos/ thetes in Athenians politics
Radicals in control

2. Events:
Megara revolt from Corinth
Alliance with Argos and Thessally
Tanagra 457
Expanding empire: Boeotia, Phocis, Opuntian Locris, Aegina, Chalcis, Sicyondefeated, Trozen possibly captured.
Loss egypt 454
Cimon truce 5 year, followed with 2 victories over Persia
Problems broke out in Boeotia- 447

3. Athens to maintain control
It required Athens’ full and undivided attention.
It was vital that Megara remain loyal.
Spartan preoccupation, such as with the Helot revolt, was important.

4: Pre-conditions were lost, so was land empire
Athens needed to attend to the Persians and control members of Delian league
Megara was traditionally loyal to sparta
Helot revolt ended sometimes 454
Athens defeat in egpyt
Athenians focus on delian league
Euboea revolted 445
Megara left alliance and Sparta immediately invaded Attica
More aggressive ehpors in Sparta.

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Describe Thucydides' representation of Pausanias, and evaluate the reasons given by Thucydides for the removal of Pausanias and the Spartan Leadership of the Greeks following the Persian War 480-478

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Describe Thucydides' representation of Pausanias, and evaluate the reasons given by Thucydides for the removal of Pausanias and the Spartan Leadership of the Greeks following the Persian War 480-478

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Headings:
1- Thucydides' representation/characterisation of Pausanias
2- Ionian allies (like A, kinsmen, dislike SP etc)
3- A influence/interest (obvious 2nd choice)
4- SP withdrawl (4 reasons)
5- Persian threat...

Quotes:
"how harshly and offensively Pausanias and other Spartan commanders behaved to the allies"- Plut. Aristides
"Grasping and overbearing conduct of Pausanias" Plut. Aristides
"In this situation (giving up Hegemony) the Spartans gave an extraordinary demonstration of their greatness of spirit" Plut. Aristides
"Before Sparta knew it, he had eased them out of leadership" Plut. Aristides

# data[].attributes.headline
Analyse the reasons for the defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War 431–404 BC.

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Analyse the reasons for the defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War 431–404 BC.

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-          Persia

“the spartans had got everything that they wanted from the king”- Xen 1.4.2

“the financial backing of the king was the greatest factor in the spartan victory”- Cawk

-          Demos decisions

“this was a foolish mistake by Athens, removing their commanders when they needed them most”- Churcher

“foolishly removing resources” Bradley

-          S skill

“gained for the spartans a series of clients.. to fight the war with ncreased eagerness” thuc

Treaty of miletus

-          A stasis

-          A loss of allies

-          Other factors

A rejection of peace

S/E

§  “it was probably not as momentus or crushing a defeat for Athens as Thucydides writes”- O’sullivan

Pericles death

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Explain how radical democracy emerged in Athens under the leadership of Ephialtes and Pericles 

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Explain how radical democracy emerged in Athens under the leadership of Ephialtes and Pericles 

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Headings:
1- Ephialtes action against Areopagus 'charge against Cimon'
2- Ephialtes movement of power from Areopagus to Boule, Helliae and Ecclesia
3- Pericles reforms. Payment of officials
4- Archons and officials draw widened
5- Introduction of a citizenship decree

Quotes:
- 'Almost everything about this institution was undemocratic' - Buckley
- 'Ephialtes removed many of the members of the Areopagus bringing them to trial for their conduct in office'
-Aristotle
Intro:
Ephialtes' initial reforms to the Athenian democracy gave dispersed power to a larger amount of Athenian citizens. Pericles actions furthermore gave this power to lower class members of Athenian society from the time between 462/1 to 451/0 BC, which furthered the emergence of radical democracy.

MC

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Question
5 Key Points
1 Quote

Possible introduction