# data[].attributes.body
o  Facts:  Congress made The Second Bank of the United States in Maryland. Maryland wanted to impose state taxes on the Bank. James W. McCulloch, who worked at the bank, refused to pay the tax. State court said a national bank was unconstitutional.

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question:  Necessary and Proper Clause (Art. I, Section 8) 10th amendment, Supremacy Clause

o  Decision and Precedent: Unanimous decision in favor of McCulloch

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: Congress has powers not outlined in the U.S. constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
o  Facts: Alfonzo Lopez brought a concealed firearm to his school. His state charges were dismissed & he was charged federally with violating the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990. He was sentenced to 6 months in prison & 2 years of probation.

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question:the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, Commerce Clause

o  Decision and Precedent:.The decision was 5-4 in the favor of the Lopez/ The Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 was unconstitutional

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: The possession of a gun in a school has nothing to do with commerce nor any economic activity.

# data[].attributes.body
o  Facts: The New York State Board of Regents approved a voluntary prayer for the beginning of every school day. A group came together stating that it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question: Establishment Clause of the First Amendment

o  Decision and Precedent:.6-1 decision in favor of Engel/ public schools cannot hold prayers.

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: The State cannot hold prayers in public schools, even if there is no religious affiliation with it. It violates the Separation of Church & State.

# data[].attributes.body
o  Facts: Jonas Yoder, Wallace Miller, and Adin Yutzy were Amish  who were prosecuted by a Wisconsin law that stated that all children are required to attend conventional school until age 16. They argued that sending their kids to high school was contrary to the beliefs of their religion.

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question:First Amendment  14th Amendment/ homeschooling

o  Decision and Precedent:. Unanimous Decision in favor of Yoder

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: The First Amendment's statute of free exercise of religion outweighed the state law of Wisconsin.

# data[].attributes.headline
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)

# data[].attributes.subject
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)

# data[].attributes.body
o  Facts: Students wore armbands in protest of the Vietnam war. The school found out and suspended anyone who wouldn't take it off in school. The School’s actions were thought to be justified to keep the discipline of the school.

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question: 1st Amendment

o  Decision and Precedent:.7-2 in favor of Tinker

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: Since students did not lose their freedom of speech when entering a school, then why should their freedom of expression be limited.

# data[].attributes.headline
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

# data[].attributes.subject
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

# data[].attributes.body
o  Facts: In The Pentagon Papers Case Nixon’s administration attempted to bar newspapers from publishing a classified study on the United States activities in Vietnam.

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question: 1st amendment freedom of the press

o  Decision and Precedent:.Ruled in favor of The New York Times Company

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: Since this being published would not  lead to a compromise in the safety of the citizens of the United States that it was allowed.

# data[].attributes.body
o  Facts: During WW1 Charles Schenck and Elizabeth Beer gave out flyers claiming that the draft violated the 13th amendment. They said to peacefully protest the draft. Schenck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage act of 1917. They were convicted and then appealed for the statute violating the 1st Amendment.

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question:

Espionage Act of 1917 / 1st Amendment

o  Decision and Precedent: Unanimous decision in favor of The United States.

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: The Espionage Act didn’t violate the 1st Amendment due to congress’ wartime authority. Clear and present danger test.

# data[].attributes.body
o  Facts: Clarence Gideon was charged with a felony in a Florida state court for breaking and entering. He asked for a lawyer to be appointed and the state law said that attorneys were only provided in capital cases. He was sentenced to 5 years in prison. He filed a habeas corpus petition in the State Supreme Court, but was denied.

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question: 6th Amendment habeas corpus 14th Amendment o  Decision and Precedent:  Unanimous decision in favor of Gideon. A lawyer must be provided to you if you cannot get one yourself

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: The 6th amendment guarantees the right to counsel for criminal defendants thanks to the 14th amendment

# data[].attributes.body
Facts: racial discrimination in public education was deemed unconstitutional.

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question: How should these principles be applied?

o  Decision and Precedent: Unanimous decision in favor of Brown /

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: The issues of segregation would be dealt with locally as to tailor the solution unique to the environment.

# data[].attributes.body
o  Facts: Jane Roe filed a lawsuit against Henry Wade(district attorney of Dalles) for a law that made abortion illegal besides to save a woman’s life. Roe stated that the laws violated her rights in the 1st, 4th, 5th, 9th, and 14th amendments. Due Process Clause

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question: 1st Amendment, 4th Amendment, 5th Amendment, 9th Amendment, and 14th Amendment

o  Decision and Precedent:  7-2 decision in favor of Roe

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: The Due Process clause of the 14th amendment is a right to privacy that protects teh decision of a woman to have an abortion. The Texas law violated this right.

# data[].attributes.body
o  Facts: Lawsuits were filed against Chicago for their ban on guns after District of Columbia V. Heller.

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question: Second Amendment Fourteenth Amendment

o  Decision and Precedent: 5-4 decision for McDonald. The right to bear arms is applicable to the states

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: The 14th Amendment makes the 2nd apply to the states for self defense.

# data[].attributes.body
o  Facts: Charles Baker alleged that a 1901 apportionment law for the Tennessee General Assembly was not utilized.

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question: Does the Supreme Court have the authority over legislative divisions?

o  Decision and Precedent: 6-2 ,majority in favor of Baker.

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: The issue of legislative apportionment was something that the Supreme Court had jurisdiction over.

# data[].attributes.headline
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (FEC)- (2010)

# data[].attributes.subject
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (FEC)- (2010)

# data[].attributes.body
o  Facts: There were regulations put on election committees. Sections 201 & 203 weren’t constitutional.

o  Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question: Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 1st Amendment/ Do the BCRA's disclosure requirements impose an unconstitutional burden?

o  Decision and Precedent: 5-4 majority in favor of United Citizens Overruled Austin v. Michigan

o  Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: With consideration to the 1st Amendment corporate funding of independent political broadcasts in candidate elections cannot be limited.

# data[].attributes.body
Facts: The Attorney General rejected a reapportionment plan because there was only one black majority district. A second majority district was created but it had a section as thin as an interstate to just tip the majority. 5 residents sued and a state court said they had nothing.

Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question: gerrymandering / Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause

Decision and Precedent: 5-4 decision in favor of shaw. Districts shouldnt be determined by the race of the people inside them.

Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: The shape of the district was so bizarre that it can be inferred that the districts were attempting to separate citizens by their race.

# data[].attributes.body
Facts: John Adams passed the Judiciary Act passed as he was leaving office to frustrate Thomas Jefferson. These new appointments wouldn't be valid until their commissions were delivered by the Secretary of State. Marbury never got his and petitioned for James Madison to have to deliver the documents.

Constitutional Issue/Provision in Question: Do Plaintiffs have a right to their commissions? Can commissions be sued in court? Does the Supreme Court have the right to order the delivery of the commissions? Judiciary Act of 1789 Supremacy Clause

Decision and Precedent: Unanimous decision in favor of Marbury / This case left us with the court’s right of judicial review.

Opinion/Reasoning of the Court: Madison’s refusal was illegal, but he didn't have to hand it over via writ of mandamus(The way Marbury asked for). The power to deem a law unconstitutional was established.