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The Cambodian Genocide, Nandini and Beau

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The Cambodian Genocide, Nandini and Beau

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1. What happened?

In 1975, the Khmer Rouge as an act of ethnic cleansing tortured, imprisoned, and murdered 1.5-3 million Cambodians. There were 189 prisons created for them, in which they were subjected to starvation, forced labor, and inhumane living conditions. Cambodians were murdered, and died of untreated illness in camps, or were killed outside of camps on “Killing Fields”.

2. When?

1975-1979 -  in the midst of the Cold War tensions between t America, the Soviet Union, and Communist China and during civil unrest in Cambodia.

3.Where?

Throughout Cambodia (started in Phnom Penh)

4.Who was involved?

Cambodians, the Khmer Rouge (led by Pol Pot), Vietnamese government

5. What led to this?

The cold war tensions, and an attempt by the Khmer rebellion to create a classless, rural, agricultural society where everyone had a shared belief and religion.

6. How was it resolved/was it resolved?

After four years in power, the Khmer Rouge was overthrown by Vietnam, ending their genocide of the Cambodians.

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The Darfur Genocide - mia, olivia, avery

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The Darfur Genocide - mia, olivia, avery

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1. What happened?

The Janjaweed group, an Arab-Sudanese militia, murdered 200,000 Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa people from the region of Darfur. The minority Arab run government targeted these marginalized black African groups.

2. When?

The beginning of the murders took place in 2003 and continued until 2005. As of 2023, the violence is beginning to increase and has not ceased.

3. Where?

Darfur, a northern region of Sudan. The land itself is about the size of Spain. It is a semi-desert plateau.

4. Who was involved?
The Janjaweed group, Arab-Sudanese militia, the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa from Darfur

5. What led to this?

Existing conflicts between the government and rebel groups (the SLM and JEM) boiled over when rebel groups attacked a military airbase and killed an airforce officer. In response, the Sudanese government deployed militias known as Janjaweed to attack Zarfuri villages. During these attacks, Zarfuri people were raped, attacked, and murdered. Large numbers of Zarfuri people were also displaced.

6. How/was it resolved?

The conflict was temporarily resolved after Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir was charged by the International Criminal Court with three counts of genocide. However, the violence is still going on, and is increasing as of 2023.

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The Tutsi Genocide - Miranda, Hugo, Audrey

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The Tutsi Genocide - Miranda, Hugo, Audrey

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1.  There were three primary ethnic groups in Rwanda: the Tutsi (The ruling class, 15%), Hutu (84%), and the Twa (1%). This refers to the mass murder of up to 1 million people, mainly Tutsi, after the Hutu revolution.

2. This happened April 7th 1994-July 15th 1994.

3. This happened in Rwanda, and Burundi. The people were mainly killed in Churches where they were hiding.

4. The Tutsi, the Hutu, and the Twa, who were ethnic groups, and Germany and Belgium who were the white colonial powers.

5.  Though Tutsi originally held the majority, the murder of a Hutu sub-cheif Dominique Mbonyumutwa by Tutsi extremists led to, with the help of Belgium, the Hutu Revolution and the creation of a one party state. This caused the first event in the genocide where 20,000 Tutsi people were killed. In the 1980s Tutsi refugees who fled the country creating a new movement called the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) to challenge the rule by ethnicity. This led to a 3 year long civil war. Nearing the end of this war, talks of peace began, until a plane with President of Rwanda and President of Burundi was shot down, killing everyone on board. Tutsi people were then blamed for this, and propaganda against Tutsi people began, leading to local militias assassinating those how they thought were responsible, and anyone who supported peace. They used identity cards for Tutsi people, and then proceeded to set up roadblocks and kill anyone with the identity card. This militia, the Interahamwe, was responsible for the speed and efficiency of the killing.  Then over the next 100 days is when the genocide occurred. 1 million people were murdered with machetes and rifles or killed when churches were blown up. Between 250,000-500,00 Tutsi women were raped and sexually violated.

6.
In July 1994, the RPF captured Kigali, and declared a cease-fire ending the genocide. Hutu people who had been involved fled the country. Some high-profile perpetrators of the genocide were prosecuted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). In total, 75 prominent individuals were prosecuted by the ICTR.  The majority of the offenders were prosecuted through Rwandan domestic courts, which began on December 1996. This process continued into the 200s as around 2 million cases reviewed between 2005-2012, with 22 people executed in 1998, and 10000 people were tried by the conventional domestic legal system.

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1. What happened?

The Armenian Genocide was the mass murder of at least 664,000 and up to 1.2 million Armenians by the nationalist ruling party of the  Ottoman Empire: the  Committee of Union and Progress (also known as the Young Turks)

2. When?

Between 1915 and 1916

3. Where?

Eastern Anatolia, ottoman empire

4. Who were the key parties involved?

The Ottoman Empire, Armenians

5. What led to this?

During the largely unsuccessful Balkan Wars between 1912 and 1913, the Empire lost 83% of its European territories. This increased anti-Christian sentiment and amplified the nationalist desire of the Ottoman leaders to create an ethnically homogenous community. As the majority of the inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire were Muslim, the Christian Armenians were increasingly seen as outsiders and a threat to the harmony of the empire.

Ottoman Empire joined forces with Germany and Austria-Hungary

6. How was it resolved/was it resolved?

The remaining Armenians, primarily women, the elderly, and children, were relocated by Ottoman forces. Little to no food and water were provided and those who could not keep up were executed. Therefore, thousands died. Some in low-density areas were able to escape execution by converting to Islam. Young girls and women were also used for forced labor as servants, become wives in Muslim households, or to be used as sex slaves. The persecutions continued with varying intensity until 1923 when the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist and was replaced by the Republic of Turkey.

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The Herero and Namaqua Genocide - Audrey and Oceana

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The Herero and Namaqua Genocide - Audrey and Oceana

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1. What happened?

Tremendous casualties for the Herero and Nama native people as they tried to rebel against German rule in German South Africa. Many were killed in battle, as well as many were killed off the battlefield

2. When?

1904-1907

3. Where?

German South Africa, Modern day Namibia

4. Who were the key parties involved? What led to this? How was it resolved/was it resolved?

The Herero and the Nama, as well as many other groups, were native groups of GSWA.

Between 1904 and 1907, German forces mass-exterminated approximately 50,000 – 65,000  Herero and 10,000  Namaqua in the German colony of South West Africa. DuringThe Battle of Waterberg in June 1907 Herero confronted the Germans requisition of their land and property as well as enslavement.

Germany formally colonized South Africa in 1884, and tension developed as the German confiscated native groups’ land and used the people for slave labor. Chief Samuel Maharero led the Herero in a riot aiming to gain independence under the subordination of the German empire. This protest resulted in the deaths of 123 German settlers. Though the Herero started out on top, they eventually got overwhelmed with the German army’s modern day military coordinations led by Theodor Leutwin. During the The Battle of Waterberg in June 1907 ,Leutwin attempted to negotiate the conclusion of the revolt, but his efforts were repeatedly unsuccessful. Leutwin attempted to surrender but Germany quickly opposed this and replaced him in May 1904 with Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha. Trotha established an order threatening the protests of Herero people and authorizing the Schutztruppe to shoot any Herero who attempted immigration into Bechuanaland.

In 1905, the Nama began their rebellion against German rule and engaged in warfare for the following couple of years. Any Nama people captured by the Germans were immediately executed or put into concentration camps. Both Herero and Nama were detained into concentration camps such as Shark Island, however an extensive amount of murders had already occurred.

The protests against German colonial rule were not fulfilled. The Herero and Nama people were either executed or sent to concentration camps with horrific conditions. These events resulted in 50-60 thousand deaths among the Herero and 10 thousand among the Nama.

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1. What happened?

In July 1995, Bosnian Serb soldiers massacred around 7,000 Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) boys and men in the town of Srebrenica in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina.

2. When?

July 11, 1995

3. Where?

where this genocide took place was in Srebrenica; a town(or city; the article mentioned both terms) located in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The massacre in Srebrenica began in Potočari, where some 25,000 Bosniak Muslim refugees had desperately gathered awaiting evacuation.

4. Who were the key parties involved?

Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Muslim

5. What led to this?
Bosnian Serbs were trying to establish a new nation where only a specific set of people were to be considered members of that empire, and it just so happens that Srebrenica was in the middle of their new empire. international regulations were formed (by surrounding countries presumably) that the Bosnian Serbs could not launch an attack, so for a while, Bosnian Serbs were trying to cut off supplies from reaching the city. Eventually, on July 6, 1995, the Bosnian Serbs just broke the regulations and launched an attack on the city.

6. How was it resolved/was it resolved?
The Bosnian War ended in November 1995 following peace negotiations, which agreed that Bosnia and Herzegovina was officially an independent state, made up of two different federal entities

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