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Fred Hampton was an active leader in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), leading their Youth Council of the organization’s West Suburban Branch. Hampton joined the Chicago chapter of the Black Panther Party (BPP) in November 1968. He quickly rose to a leadership position, becoming the deputy chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Party. He organized rallies, established a Free Breakfast program, and negotiated a peace pact among rival gangs. As a rising leader in the BPP, Hampton became the focus of an FBI investigation. On December 4, 1969, Hampton, along with fellow Black Panther Mark Clark, was murdered.

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54th's gallant assault on Fort Wagner, July 18th 1863.

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54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment - (Jacob F.) 

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54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment - (Jacob F.) 

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The brave men of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment of the US Army were one of the African American regiments of the Civil War. Fighting for Liberty and Glory, these brave men fought tooth and nail to abolish slavery and assist President Abraham Lincoln in the preservation of the Union. In the picture, the 54th Infantry Regiment are attacking well fortified fort named Fort Wagner. Although they sustained heavy losses in the assault, they remained steadfast in the attack. These men are a great representation of Black strength and resistance against oppression and is an example on how hard Black men and women have fought for this nation and do not be deserve to be treated as outsiders.

Link: https://www.nps.gov/articles/54th-massachusetts-regiment.htm

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ls8Mdeh80no

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Henrietta Lacks was a black woman bornj in 1920 in Roanoke, Virginia. Eventually having 5 kids, she would one day go into a hospital (one of the only at the time that accetped poor black people) for excessive bleeding from her genitals. She went to The John Hopkins Hospital. After getting some tests were done, it was discovered that she had Cervical cancer. She began undergoing radium treatements soon after, but to no avail. Henrietta would unfortunately end up passing away less than a year later. A doctor treating Lacks took some of her DNA, as he did with all of his patients and soon foiund ouy that Henrietta's DNA was extremely special. While thye average persons cells would die, hers would double every 20-24 hours. Henriettas DNA is still being used today to help test the effects of different vaccines, drugs, poisons, and hormones without the use of human subjects.

SOURCE: (press image)

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In 1951, a young mother of five named Henrietta Lacks visited The Johns Hopkins Hospital complaining of vaginal bleeding. Upon examination, renowned gynecologist Dr. Howard Jones discovered a large, malignant tumor on her cervix. At the time, The Johns Hopkins Hospital was one of only a few hospitals to treat poor African-Americans.

As medical records show, Mrs. Lacks began undergoing radium treatments for her cervical cancer. This was the best medical treatment available at the time for this terrible disease. A sample of her cancer cells retrieved during a biopsy were sent to Dr. George Gey's nearby tissue lab. For years, Dr. Gey, a prominent cancer and virus researcher, had been collecting cells from all patients - regardless of their race or socioeconomic status - who came to The Johns Hopkins Hospital with cervical cancer, but each sample quickly died in Dr. Gey's lab. What Dr. Gey would soon discover was that Mrs. Lacks' cells were unlike any of the others he had ever seen: where other cells would die, Mrs. Lacks' cells doubled every 20 to 24 hours.

Today, these incredible cells - nicknamed "HeLa" cells, from the first two letters of her first and last names - are used to study the effects of toxins, drugs, hormones and viruses on the growth of cancer cells without experimenting on humans. They have been used to test the effects of radiation and poisons, to study the human genome, to learn more about how viruses work, and played a crucial role in the development of the polio and COVID-19 vaccines.

Although Mrs. Lacks ultimately passed away on October 4, 1951, at the age of 31, her cells continue to impact the world.

Although these were the first cells that could be easily shared and multiplied in a lab setting, Johns Hopkins has never sold or profited from the discovery or distribution of HeLa cells and does not own the rights to the HeLa cell line. Rather, Johns Hopkins offered HeLa cells freely and widely for scientific research.

Johns Hopkins applauds and regularly participates in efforts to raise awareness of the life and story of Henrietta Lacks. Having reviewed our interactions with Henrietta Lacks and with the Lacks family over more than 50 years, we found that Johns Hopkins could have - and should have - done more to inform and work with members of Henrietta Lacks' family out of respect for them, their privacy and their personal interests. Though the collection and use of Henrietta Lacks' cells in research was an acceptable and legal practice in the 1950s, the laws protecting research subjects have evolved. We at Johns Hopkins have been supportive of legal changes since 1951 that protect research subjects, and we are compliant with these requirements, including those related to informed consent.

We are deeply committed to the ongoing efforts at our institutions and elsewhere to honor the contributions of Henrietta Lacks and to ensure the appropriate protection and care of the Lacks family's medical information.

﻿﻿

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In 1951, a young mother of five named Henrietta Lacks visited The Johns Hopkins Hospital complaining of vaginal bleeding. Upon examination, renowned gynecologist Dr. Howard Jones discovered a large, malignant tumor on her cervix. At the time, The Johns Hopkins Hospital was one of only a few hospitals to treat poor African-Americans.

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Buffalo soldiers were a group of infantry soldiers that were made up of mostly all African Americans. It is said that they were called Buffalo soldiers because of their curly black hair that was similar to the mane of a Buffalo and because the soldiers fought like Buffalo. The unit's patch soon because, as you may guess, the buffalo. At first they were first stationed at national parks in charge of making sure the parks were taken care of correctly but they soon joined the US army fighting in the Korean war where their unit unfortunately came to an end.

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The AMERICAN LEAGUE OF COLORED LABORERS (1850-?) -  Prince P

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The AMERICAN LEAGUE OF COLORED LABORERS (1850-?) -  Prince P

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the ALCL witch is an acronym for (american leaders of colored laborers, was the first ever colored labored union ever. in 1850, in New York they formed their organization for skilled craftsmen and for agricultural and industrial skills for African Americans. in 1852, duglas created a fund to give the black African American entrepreneurs and an industrial affair after the second week in May. The research that I used for this didn't show how this organization ended and only that it was unknown.

Sources:

Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfNxWeGXIro.

Website - https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/american-league-colored-laborers.

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The grassroots movement itself is a global movement that ranges of topics of equality for marginalized groups around the world. The Malcolm X Grassroots Movement specifically is a organization of Africans in America to promote Human Rights. Following the teachings of Malcolm X and his battle against white supremacy, patriarchy, capitalism, and oppression. This organization follows the principles of supporting human rights, demand of reparations, promoting self-determination, opposing genocide, freeing political prisoners, and ending gender and sexual oppression.

Video: https://youtu.be/xy9nj94xvKA

Source: Malcolm X Grassroots Movement – Free The Land (freethelandmxgm.org)

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In 1932, in Tuskegee Alabama, the USPHS started a study on syphilis, a disease that caused painful warts on the patients feet and genitals. They worked with the Tuskegee institution, and conducted research on 600 black men. Their consent was not collected, and they were told they were being treated for "bad blood". In return for being apart of the experiment, free healthcare, meals, and burial insurance. Even though the doctors and researchers knew penicillin was proved to cure the disease, none of the patients were ever offered it. By 1972 a press story was finally published, bringing this wrong doing to light. A month later, the study was closed. In 1973 a lawsuit was filed, on behalf of the Tuskegee people and how the were treated. They were awarded free health care and 10 million dollars compensation. Later in 1997, president Bill Clinton a formal apology for the study.

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm

Video: https://youtu.be/afwK2CVpc9E?si=iVbS90OnWGT2uzHJ

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In 1932, the USPHS, working with the Tuskegee Institute, began a study to record the natural history of syphilis. It was originally called the "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male" (now referred to as the "USPHS Untreated Syphilis Study at Tuskegee"). The study initially involved 600 Black men - 399 with syphilis, 201 who did not have the disease. Participants' informed consent was not collected. Researchers told the men they were being treated for "bad blood," a local term used to describe several ailments, including syphilis, anemia, and fatigue. In exchange for taking part in the study, the men received free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance.

By 1943, penicillin was the treatment of choice for syphilis and becoming widely available, but the participants in the study were not offered treatment.

In 1972, an Associated Press story about the study was published. As a result, the Assistant Secretary for Health and Scientific Affairs appointed an Ad Hoc Advisory Panel to review the study. The advisory panel concluded that the study was "ethically unjustified"; that is, the "results [were] disproportionately meager compared with known risks to human subjects involved." In October 1972, the panel advised stopping the study. A month later, the Assistant Secretary for Health and Scientific Affairs announced the end of the study. In March 1973, the panel also advised the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) (now known as the Department of Health and Human Services) to instruct the USPHS to provide all necessary medical care for the survivors of the study. ¹ The Tuskegee Health Benefit Program (THBP) was established to provide these services. In 1975, participants' wives, widows and children were added to the program. In 1995, the program was expanded to include health, as well as medical, benefits. The last study participant died in January 2004. The last widow receiving THBP benefits died in January 2009. Participants' children (10 at present) continue to receive medical and health benefits.

Later in 1973, a class-action lawsuit was filed on behalf of the study participants and their families, resulting in a $10 million, out-of-court settlement in 1974.

On May 16, 1997, President Bill Clinton issued a formal Presidential Apology for the study.

References

1 "HEW News" Office of the Secretary, March 5, 1973; Memorandum "USPHS Study of Untreated Syphilis (the Tuskegee Study; Authority to Treat Participants Upon Termination of the Study," from Wilmot R Hastings to the secretary, March 5, 1973.

2 Vonderlehr, R.A., Clark, T., Wenger, O.C., Heller, J.R., Untreated Syphilis in the Male Negro, Journal of Venereal Disease Information. 17:260-265, (1936).

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Black Wall Street May 31st - June 1st 1921 (Gabe M)

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Black Wall Street May 31st - June 1st 1921 (Gabe M)

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On May 31 through June 1, 1921, mobs of white perpetrators attacked, looted, and burned Black residents, homes, and businesses, as well as cultural and public institutions like schools, banks, and hospitals in the Greenwood District of Tulsa, OK. The Greenwood district was also known as "Black Wall Street," due to an oil boom which helped to create one of the wealthiest Black communities in the United States. As a result of this attack, thirty-five blocks were systematically pillaged and burned, destroying 190 businesses and leaving 10,000 people homeless. The property loss estimated by the Tulsa Real Estate Exchangewould equal in the neighborhood of $31 million in 2017, likely an underestimation. This extreme devastation does not even take into account the horror of estimated 300 innocent lives lost.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/tulsa-massacre-black-wall-street-before-and-after-photos

Video: https://youtu.be/nyrHcgwMIeA?si=vO0qBC7e3fr67UWK

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At the turn of the 20th century, African Americans founded and developed the Greenwood district in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Built on what had formerly been Indian Territory, the community grew and flourished as a Black economic and cultural mecca-until May 31, 1921.

That's when a white mob began a rampage through some 35 square blocks, decimating the community known proudly as "Black Wall Street." Armed rioters, many deputized by local police, looted and burned down businesses, homes, schools, churches, a hospital, hotel, public library, newspaper offices and more. While the official death toll of the Tulsa race massacre was 36, historians estimate it may have been as high as 300. As many as 10,000 people were left homeless.

The incident stands as one most horrific acts of racial violence, and domestic terrorism, ever committed on American soil.

In May 2021, 100 years after the massacre, 107-year-old Viola Fletcher testified before Congress: "On May 31, of '21, I went to bed in my family's home in Greenwood," she recounted. "The neighborhood I fell asleep in that night was rich, not just in terms of wealth, but in culture...and heritage. My family had a beautiful home. We had great neighbors. I had friends to play with. I felt safe. I had everything a child could need. I had a bright future."

Then, she said, came the murderous rampage, still vivid in her mind 100 years later: "I still see Black men being shot, Black bodies lying in the street. I still smell smoke and see fire. I still see Black businesses being burned. I still hear airplanes flying overhead. I hear the screams."

Below, a selection of photos that show Greenwood before, during and after the tragedy:

North Greenwood Avenue in Tulsa (above), prior to the 1921 Tulsa race massacre, was a main thoroughfare of the Greenwood commercial district. This photograph was taken looking north down the avenue from East Archer Street. Between segregation laws that prevented Black residents from shopping in white neighborhoods, and the desire to keep money circulating in their own community, Greenwood residents collectively funneled their cash into local Black businesses. Greenwood became a robust and self-sustaining community, which boasted barber shops and salons, clothing stores, jewelers, restaurants, taverns and pool halls, movie houses and grocers, as well as offices for doctors, dentists and lawyers.

At the time of the massacre, Greenwood was considered by many to be the wealthiest Black enclave in the nation. As the seven photos above show, it wasn't uncommon to see its residents stylishly dressed. Some boasted new luxury motorcars.

The incident began on the morning of May 30, 1921, after a young Black man named Dick Rowland, who worked shining shoes, rode the elevator of Tulsa's Drexel building to use one of the few available segregated public restrooms downtown. After the female elevator operator screamed, Rowland fled the elevator and rumors quickly spread of an alleged sexual assault. The next day, he was arrested, leading to an armed confrontation outside the courthouse between a growing white crowd and Black men hoping to defend Rowland from being lynched. As things became heated and shots were fired, the vastly outnumbered African Americans retreated to the Greenwood district. The white group followed, and as the night unfolded, violence exploded.

Throughout that night and into June 1, much of Greenwood became enveloped in billowing dark smoke, as members of the mob went from house to house and store to store, looting and then torching buildings. Fleeing residents were sometimes shot down in the streets. Many survivors report low-flying planes, some raining down bullets or inflammables.

Among the many buildings looted and torched by the white mob was the Mount Zion Baptist Church, above, an impressive brick structure that had opened its doors less than two months earlier. It was one of numerous houses of worship destroyed in the massacre.

The east corner of Greenwood Avenue and East Archer Street, the epicenter of "Black Wall Street," is shown above, in the early aftermath of the attack. Among the thoroughfare's landmarks left in smoldering ruins were the Stradford Hotel and the Dreamland Theater.

By noon of June 1, Oklahoma Governor Robertson declared martial law and sent in the Oklahoma National Guard. Officials arrested and detained thousands of Black Tulsans, shepherding them to the local convention center and fairgrounds. Above, the rear view of a truck transporting Black people to detainment.

National Guard troops carrying rifles with bayonets escort unarmed Black men to detainment, above.

Above, a truck is shown carrying soldiers and Black men during the Tulsa race massacre. Officials rounded up Greenwood's Black residents, deeming them to be the primary threat to law and order-instead of any members of the white mob who had murdered and pillaged. Indeed, for decades after, the incident was erroneously characterized as a "race riot," implying that it had been instigated by the Black community. No one was ever held to account for the destruction or loss of life.

After being rounded up under martial law, traumatized Greenwood residents were kept under armed guard-some for hours, some for days. To be released, BlackTulsans had to be vouched for by an employer or white citizen.

At Tulsa's American Red Cross hospital, victims of the massacre are shown still recovering from injuries months later. More than 800 people were treated for injuries.

According to the 2001 Tulsa Race Riot Commission report, the most comprehensive review of the massacre, in the year after the attacks, Tulsa residents filed riot-related claims against the city valued at over $1.8 million dollars. But the city commission, like insurance companies, denied most of the claims-one exception being when a white business owner received compensation for guns taken from his shop. Above, Black Tulsans salvaged what they could from their burned homes and businesses and began to rebuild on their own.

November 1921: With millions in property damage and no help from the city, the rebuilding of Greenwood nonetheless began almost immediately.

Many Black Tulsa residents fled the city, and never returned. But many stayed and started from scratch-some housed in Red Cross tents until they could rebuild their homes and, later, community landmarks like the Dreamland Theater. In 2001, the Tulsa Race Riot Commission report recommended that survivors be paid reparations, calling it "a moral obligation." The pursuit of restitution continues.

HISTORY Vault: The Night Tulsa Burned

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.

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'Black Wall Street' Before, During and After the Tulsa Race Massacre: PHOTOS | HISTORY

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Historic images of Tulsa, Oklahoma's Greenwood district reveal how the 1921 mob attack devastated the nation's Black cultural and economic mecca.

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Video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ss4hROCMDRI

Jane Matilda Bolin became the first black female judge and first black woman to graduate from Yale Law School. She was born in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1908 to an interracial couple. Her father was an attorney and president of the Dutchess County Bar Association. Her mother died of illness when she was a child. Bolin graduated from high school in her mid teens and went onto Wellesley College where she graduated top of her class. She went on to attend Yale University and, at the time of her enrollment, there were only 22 Black female attorney's in the country. At law school she was one of the 3 women in her class and the only Black woman. She endured many acts of racism during her time at law school. She graduated in 1931, thus becoming the first African-American woman to earn a law degree from Yale. Bolin worked with her families law firm before moving to New York with her attorney husband Ralph E. Mizelle in 1933. She ran for State Assembly in 1936 and a year later was hired in the New York City Corporation Counsel’s office, working in Family Court as Assistant Corporation Counsel. She was the first Black woman to work in the City’s legal department and the first Black woman to join the New York City Bar Association. In 1939, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia swore Bolin in as a judge of the City’s Domestic Relations Court. She was the first Black woman to hold a seat on the bench in the United States. Her most significant achievements as judge include the end of race-based assignments of probation officers and segregated childcare facilities. She served as judge for 40 years, retiring in 1978. Bolin was a member of the Regents Review Committee of the New York State Board of Regents. She died in 2007 at the age of 98 in Queens, New York.

Sources:

https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/historical-profile-jane-matilda-bolin-31

https://www.biography.com/legal-figures/jane-bolin

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Video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxknhL5nBeA

One of the most well-known leaders of the LGBT rights movement in New York City during the 1960s and 1970s was Marsha P. Johnson. She fought for gay and transgender rights, HIV/AIDS victims, and homeless LGBTQ+ youth. Born on August 24, 1945, she was the fifth of seven children born to Malcolm Michaels Sr. and Alberta Claiborne. She enjoyed wearing clothes made for women and wore dresses starting at age five. She was bullied and peer pressured to stop dressing in clothing that she felt reflected herself. She moved to New York City as soon as she had graduated high school. Johnson described herself as a gay person, a transvestite, and a drag queen and used she/her pronouns; the term “transgender” only became commonly used after her death. The state of New York regularly criminalized the presence of LGBTQ+ individuals, and continued to punish them. LGBTQ+ rights were suppressed and disregarded. Struggling to find a job, Johnson resorted to sex work. She didn't have a home and was constantly abused by clients and arrested by the police. She was able to also find employment waiting tables and doing drag shows. In a 1992 interview, Johnson said "I was no one, nobody, from Nowheresville until I became a drag queen". Johnson was apart of the raid on Stonewall, which was a riot launched by police raiding a bar and arresting costumers, most of whom were gay men. The raid launched the Gay Rights Movement and the first Gay Pride Parade took place in 1970. Johnson was involved but grew frustrated by the exclusion of transgender and LGBTQ+ people of color from the movement. In the 1970s she was a lead member of the movement and in 1980, she was invited to ride in the lead car of the Gay Pride Parade in New York City. She continued to get arrested and engage in sex work because she didn't know any other ways to make money. In 1990, she was diagnosed with H.I.V., which she advocated publicly in the news for. On July 6, 1992, her body was found in the Hudson River at age 46. While the police suspected suicide, 1992 was one of the most worst years for anti-LGBTQ+ violence and close friends and members of the Gay Rights Movement suspected foul play. The police refused to investigate further and many the news did not cover her death. Hundreds of people showed up to her funeral. In 2019 it was announced she would be subject of a monument and in 2020 New York State named a waterfront park in Brooklyn for Johnson.

Source:

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/marsha-p-johnson

park in Brooklyn for Johnson.

New York State named a waterfront park in Brooklyn for Johnson.

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Vivien Thomas was a cardiac surgeon and instructor who developed revolutionary surgical techniques. Suffering from the great depression, Thomas lost his college savings and didn’t receive a formal education. As a result, Thomas worked as a janitor and later as a carpenter. While working as a carpenter in Nashville, he met Dr. Alfred Blalock and eventually became his lab assistant. Working alongside Blalock, Thomas helped to save the lives of thousands of soldiers who suffered from traumatic shock during World War II. Consequently, Blalock was offered many jobs at different institutions but refused to accept them unless they would hire Thomas too. This was during a time in which Blalock was not allowed to hire a Black man. However, this did not stop Thomas from learning how to treat Tetralogy of Fallot, which plays a role in blue baby syndrome (low oxygen levels in babies’ hearts), and create special surgical tools needed for the procedure. Thomas performed his first blue baby surgery in 1944, in which he coached Blalock. The surgery was successful and received worldwide attention and praise. However, Thomas was not given credit for the course-changing surgery he performed. Throughout Thomas and Blalock’s blue baby surgeries, surgeons from around the world came to watch and learn how to perform the procedure. In 1946, Thomas developed a way to improve blood circulation for patients who had their arteries rearranged, called an atrial septectomy. Throughout his career, Thomas received many recognitions including serving as the John Hopkins supervisor of surgical laboratories, receiving an honorary doctorate by John Hopkins (1976), and chosen as the instructor of surgery at the John Hopkins School of Medicine.

Sources:

Vivien Thomas | University of Maryland Medical System (umms.org)

https://www.umms.org/about/equity-diversity-inclusion/news/holidays/black-history-month/resources/vivien-thomas

Video Link:

https://youtu.be/1NSarzR_ktY?si=PKs6CGEwxc8KDCaL

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Bessie Coleman (1892-1926) was an American civil aviator who became the first African American woman to earn a pilot's license. Born in Atlanta, Texas, she grew up working in the cotton fields before moving to Chicago as a young woman.

Pursuing her dream of becoming a pilot, Coleman had to overcome both racism and gender discrimination that prevented her from enrolling in flight schools in the United States at the time. Undeterred, she learned French and moved to France in 1920, earning her international pilot's license from the prestigious Fédération Aéronautique Internationale in 1921.

Returning to the U.S. as the first African American woman with a pilot's license, Coleman performed daring stunt flying shows across the country, thrilling audiences and earning the nickname "Queen Bess." Her goal was to start her own flight school to train other Black aviators. Tragically, Coleman's pioneering aviation career was cut short at the age of 34 when she died in a plane crash in 1926 while preparing for an airshow. Despite her early death, Bessie Coleman overcame many odds and broke barriers, inspiring generations of Black Americans and women to pursue their dreams of flight.

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/bessie-coleman

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Billie Holdiay, “Strange Fruit”- Azariah

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Billie Holdiay, “Strange Fruit”- Azariah

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Billie Holiday (1915-1959) was one of the most influential jazz singers of all time, known for her deeply emotional and innovative vocal style. In 1939, she recorded the haunting song "Strange Fruit" which powerfully condemned the racism and lynchings that were still occurring in the American South. The lyrics of "Strange Fruit," written by Abel Meeropol, vividly depict the image of Black victims hanging from poplar trees in the South - "the bulging eyes and the twisted mouth" of those lynched. With its somber melody and Holiday's chilling delivery, the song shined a spotlight on the brutal reality of racial violence and murder that Black Americans too often faced. At the time, "Strange Fruit" was highly controversial and the censors associated it with a shocking political statement. However, Holiday insisted on performing it at every show as a searing protest against lynching. The song went on to become not just a signature part of her legacy, but one of the most important songs of the era in giving voice to the Civil Rights movement. "Strange Fruit" cemented Billie Holiday's role as an artist of immense courage and conscience.

https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/the-story-behind-billie-holidays-strange-fruit/17738/

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The Elaine Massacre was a tragic event that took place in Elaine, Arkansas, in 1919. It was one of the deadliest racial conflicts in American history. The massacre occurred during the Red Summer, a period of intense racial violence in the United States. In Elaine, African American sharecroppers were organizing a meeting to demand fairer payments for their crops. The union also made efforts to subvert racial divisions in labor relations and had hired a white attorney to negotiate with land owners for better cotton prices. A group of white men, including law enforcement officers, attacked the meeting of black sharecroppers, leading to a shootout. In the aftermath, white mobs, along with law enforcement, targeted and killed many African Americans in the area. Estimates suggest that more than 800 of African Americans were killed. 67 Black people were arrested and charged with inciting violence, while dozens more faced other charges. No white attackers were prosecuted, but 12 Black union members convicted of riot-related charges were sentenced to death.

Source link: https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/sep/30

Video link: https://youtu.be/qDZAkrgellk?si=-7LZ0yhVzT6OUrfW

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Angela Davis was an activist and feminist she gained her popularity with her trial. She was an excellent teacher who had an excellent record but because of her opinions the university of California they didn't wanna renew her appointment. She was part of the communist party where she tried to run the US vice president but was unsuccessful.

https://nmaahc.si.edu/angela-davis

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=oIVxooM5kG8&pp=ygUMYW5nZWxhIGRhdmlz

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This Amiri Baraka who lead and started the black art movement.

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Black Art Movement  1965-1975                   Geovanny Pena

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Black Art Movement  1965-1975                   Geovanny Pena

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The Black Arts Movement was a cultural movement in the 1960s and 1970s that celebrated Black culture and fought against racism. Artists, writers, and musicians created work that highlighted Black pride and the struggles of Black people. It was an important part of the Civil Rights Movement, leaving a lasting impact on American culture. Prominent figures associated with the Black Arts Movement include writers like Amiri Baraka, Nikki Giovanni, and Sonia Sanchez, as well as musicians like Gil Scott-Heron and visual artists like Romare Bearden. These artists used their work to challenge mainstream narratives, celebrate Black culture, and advocate for social change.

Video link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9v1z_RqxrHk

Source link: https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/black-arts-movement-1965-1975/

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Victor J. Glover 1976 - Present Day Geovanny Pena

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Victor J. Glover 1976 - Present Day Geovanny Pena

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Victor J. Glover, known for his roles as an astronaut and engineer, has left a significant mark on space exploration. His groundbreaking stint as the first Black astronaut to live aboard the International Space Station for an extended duration not only represented a pivotal moment in space history but also stood as a beacon of diversity and inclusivity in STEM disciplines. Glover's accomplishments serve as a source of motivation for aspiring scientists and engineers, particularly those from marginalized backgrounds, encouraging them to pursue their dreams in fields like science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1F4YPJc1qc

Source Link: https://www.nasa.gov/people/victor-j-glover-jr/

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The stono Rebellion was just a whole bunch of enslaved people who rebelled against the whites and caused destruction to escape Florida but as their plan had fail by the militia who caught the rebelled slaved which afterwards influenced south carolina passing a strict slave laws, this had an impact on the slaves which made conditions harder for them.

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Summary of the Stono Rebellion of 1739

The Stono Rebellion of 1739 was a violent uprising in the Southern Colonies where a large group of enslaved Africans in South Carolina attempted to escape to freedom in Florida and killed 20-30 whites. The incident started early in the morning of September 9 near the Stono River Bridge.

Around 20 slaves were working there when one of them - a man named Jemmy - led the group to a nearby warehouse. They killed the two guards, broke in, and stole guns, ammunition, and gunpowder.

The rebels started their march south to Florida, shouting "Liberty" and beating drums as they went. As they went along, they attacked people, burned buildings, and recruited other slaves to join them.

However, not all slaves joined voluntarily. The slaves of Thomas Rose saved their master's life by hiding him and were then forced to join the rebel march. By late morning, there were somewhere between 60 and 100 rebels marching south. They were spotted by Lieutenant Governor William Bull who alerted churchgoers to the danger.

In the afternoon, a group of around 100 armed men went in pursuit of the rebels. When they caught up with the rebels near the Esosto River, they attacked and overwhelmed them. Many rebels were killed, some surrendered and others escaped.

Over the course of the next two days, the militia and Native American Indian allies tracked down around 40 escapees and executed them.

The South Carolina Assembly responded to the Stono Rebellion by making changes to the existing Slave Laws. The changes restricted slave activity and prohibited owners from teaching them to read or write.

Quick Facts About the Stone Rebellion

The Stono Rebellion is also known as the "Stono War of 1739," "Cato's Conspiracy," and "Cato's Rebellion."

The apparent leader of the rebels was a man named Jemmy, who was also called "Cato."

The Stono Rebellion took place on Sunday, September 9, 1739, in the Province of South Carolina. The rebels gathered near present-day Rantowles, South Carolina, in Charleston County.

It was the largest uprising of enslaved African Americans in the American Colonies before the American Revolution.

The rebels failed to make it to Florida and the uprising was put down.

The Stono Rebellion followed Bacon's Rebellion, which took place in 1676. Image Source: New York Public Library Digital Collections.

Significance of the Stono Rebellion

The Stono Rebellion is important to the history of the United States because it led to the passage of harsh Slave Laws in South Carolina, which made conditions worse for enslaved people. It also raised concerns and fears of slave rebellions throughout the southern colonies.

Stono Rebellion for AP US History (APUSH)

Use the following links and videos to study the 13 Original Colonies for the AP US History Exam. Also, be sure to look at our Guide to the AP US History Exam.

Stono Rebellion APUSH Definition

The Stono Rebellion was the largest uprising of enslaved people in the colonies. On September 9, 1739, near Charleston, South Carolina, a group of slaves burned buildings and killed people as they tried to escape to freedom in Florida. Local militia stopped them. Afterward, South Carolina passed strict Slave Laws.
Was the Stono Rebellion successful?
Frequently Asked Questions About the Stono Rebellion

1. The Stono Rebellion was the largest slave uprising in the British Colonies in North America prior to the American Revolutionary War.

2. In 1733, Spain issued a proclamation that promised freedom to any fugitive slaves who could escape and safely make their way to Fort Mosé, near St. Augustine, Florida.

3. The South Carolina economy relied on slave labor because plantation owners needed workers for labor-intensive crops, like rice.

4. Slave owners used violence and slave patrols to control the slave population, but slaves were not forced to work on Sundays.

5. The Stono Rebellion led to the passage of the Negro Act of 1740.

Essential Facts About the Stono Rebellion

The South Carolina Assembly restricted the importation of slaves from Africa and the West Indies.

The Assembly required a ratio of one white for every ten blacks on plantations.

The Negro Act of 1740 restricted the activities, education, and freedom of slaves. It allowed slaveowners to regulate, control, and punish their slaves. It prohibited slaves from assembling in groups, learning to read, and learning to write.

Slave auctions like this one in New Amsterdam contributed to the New York Slave Revolt of 1712. Image Source: Wikipedia.

In 1739, the black population outnumbered the white population in South Carolina.

In August 1739, a war between Spain and Britain was imminent. South Carolina passed the Security Act, which required all men to carry firearms to church on Sunday.

About six weeks later, on October 22, the War of Jenkins's Ear started between Britain and Spain.

The rebels chose Sunday morning for the rebellion because most whites were at church.

The leaders of the rebels were from Angola and apparently gained military experience in Africa.

During their march, they passed by Wallace's Tavern and let the owner live, because "he was a good Man and kind to his Slaves."

Lieutenant Governor Bull hired Indians to help track down the escaped rebels.

Effects of the Stono Rebellion

Interesting Facts About the Stono Rebellion

Stono Slave Rebellion: A Documentary

This video from the South Carolina Film Institute provides an overview of the causes, events, and outcomes of the Stono Rebellion.

Narratives of the Stono Rebellion

Governor William Bull's Account

My Lords,

I beg leave to lay before your Lordships an account of our Affairs, first in regard to the Desertion of our Negroes...On the 9th of September last at Night a great Number of Negroes Arose in Rebellion, broke open a Store where they got arms, killed twenty one White Persons, and were marching the next morning in a Daring manner out of the Province, killing all they met and burning several Houses as they passed along the Road. I was returning from Granville County with four Gentlemen and met these Rebels at eleven o'clock in the forenoon and fortunately deserned the approaching danger time enough to avoid it, and to give notice to the Militia who on the Occasion behaved with so much expedition and bravery, as by four a'Clock the same day to come up with them and killed and took so many as put a stop to any further mischief at that time, forty four of them have been killed and Executed; some few yet remain concealed in the Woods expecting the same fate, seem desperate...

It was the Opinion of His Majesty's Council with several other Gentlemen that one of the most effectual means that could be used at present to prevent such desertion of our Negroes is to encourage some Indians by a suitable reward to pursue and if possible to bring back the Deserters, and while the Indians are thus employed they would be in the way ready to intercept others that might attempt to follow and I have sent for the Chiefs of the Chickasaws living at New Windsor and the Catawbaw Indians for that purpose....

My Lords,

Your Lordships Most Obedient and Most Humble Servant

Wm Bull

South Carolina Commons House of Assembly Committee Report on the Stono Rebellion

November 29, 1739

1. That upon Inquiry your Committee find that a negro man named July belonging to Mr. Thomas Elliott was very early and chiefly instrumental in saving his Master and his Family from being destroyed by the Rebellious Negroes and that the Negro man July had at several times bravely fought against the Rebels and killed one of them. Your Committee therefore recommends that the [said] Negro July (as a reward for his faithful Services and for an Encouragement to other Slaves to follow his Example in case of the like Nature) shall have his Freedom and a Present of a Suit of Cloaths, Shirt, Hat, a pair of stockings and a pair of Shoes.

2. That the several Slaves heareafter named Ralph, Prince, Joe, Larush, and Pompey belonging to the [said] Mr Thos Elliott, Sampon belonging to to Mr Wilkinson, two Negro Men and a Negro Woman (whose names your Committee do not know) belonging to Mr Thomas Rose, Two Negro Men (whose names are also unkown to your Committee) who belong to the Estate of Mr John Haynes dec'd. And one Negro Man (his name not known by your Committee) belonging to the Estate of Mr Christopher Wilkinson dec'd a Negro man belonging to Mrs Wilkson Widow named Mingo; a Mustee Man have behaved themselves very well and been a great source in opposing the Rebellions Negroes; For which your Committee recommend that they be rewarded as follows (that is to say) the Men to have each a Suit of Cloths, hat, shirt, a pair of Shoes, and a pair of Stockings, And the Women to have each a Jacket and Petticoat, a Shift, a pair of Stockings, and a pair of Shoes and also the sum of 20[lb] in Cash to each of the Slaves above named...

7. That several of the Neighbouring Indians did assist in hunting for, taking and destroying the [said] Rebellious Negroes, For which your Committee propose that the [said] Indians be severally rewarded with a Coat, a Flap, a Hat, a pair of Indian Stockings, a Gun, 2 pounds of Powder and 8 Pounds of Bullets, Which Indians Names are as follows (that is to say) Tobb, Old Jack, Peter, Tom and Philip and five other Indians (whose names your Committee do not know) that came down to Stono with Captain Coachman.

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Stono Rebellion, Summary, Facts, Significance, APUSH

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The Stono Rebellion of 1739 was the largest slave insurrection that took place in the British Colonies prior to the American Revolution.

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Black Power Movement (1960's-1970's)Zaire Wright

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Black Power Movement (1960's-1970's)Zaire Wright

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The Black Power Movement started in the 1960s as a social and political movement advocating for the empowerment of Black people. It aimed to promote self-determination, racial pride, and equality. Emerging in response to systemic racism and oppression, the Black power movement emphasized the importance of cultural awareness, political activism, and community solidarity. Figures such as Malcolm X played key roles in shaping the movement's ideology and goals(whose assassination in 1965 had brought even more attention to his ideas), as well as liberation movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America, the Black Power movement that flourished in the late 1960s and ‘70s argued that Black Americans should focus on creating economic, social and political power of their own, rather than seek integration into white-dominated society.

source: https://www.history.com/news/black-power-movement-civil-rights

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OE6oS_3HSlM

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Black Panther Party 1966-1982       Justin F

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Black Panther Party 1966-1982       Justin F

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So,The Black Panther Party, founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, was a revolutionary socialist organization focused on combating racial oppression and police brutality against African Americans in the United States. The party advocated for self-defense, community empowerment, and social change through a ten point program that called for basic rights such as housing,

employment and also education. They organized community programs such as free breakfast for children, health clinics, and educational initiatives, earning widespread support but also facing intense government scrutiny and repression. Despite internal conflicts and external pressure, the Black Panther Party left a lasting legacy in the fight for civil rights and social justice. ended in 1982

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Bell Hooks (Sept 25 1952- Dec 15 2021)  Ebraheem Shadid

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Bell Hooks (Sept 25 1952- Dec 15 2021)  Ebraheem Shadid

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Bell hooks (born September 25, 1952, Hopkinsville, Kentucky, U.S. died December 15, 2021, Berea, Kentucky) was an American scholar and activist whose work examined the connections between race, gender, and class. She often explored the varied perceptions of Black women and Black women writers and the development of feminist identities. In the 1980s hooks established a support group for Black women called the Sisters of the Yam, which she later used as the title of a book, published in 1993, celebrating Black sisterhood.

https://youtu.be/05DMEyxRTNg?si=8pmN6klW3jnHkcQ5

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Black Panther Breakfast Program 1968-1970-Eli Torres

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Black Panther Breakfast Program 1968-1970-Eli Torres

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Free Breakfast For Students was one of the best programs that started in January 1969 at an Oakland Episcopal church. It expanded from feeding a small number of children to hundreds. Volunteers and partygoers went to nearby supermarkets to ask for donations, spoke with nutritionists about kid-friendly breakfast alternatives, and made and served the food at no cost.“The school principal came down and told us how different the children were,”Ruth Beckford, a parishioner who helped with the program, said later. “They weren’t falling asleep in class, they weren’t crying with stomach cramps." FBI agents went door-to-door in cities like Richmond, Virginia, telling parents that BPP members would teach their children racism. parents were told the food was infected with venereal disease; sites in Oakland and Baltimore were raided by officers who harassed BPP members in front of terrified children, and participating children were photographed by Chicago police. “the Chicago police broke into the church and mashed up all the food and urinated on it.” This, along with other attempts to dismantle the Black Panthers, caused the program to end. In 1975, the School Breakfast Program was permanently authorized.

Source Link: https://www.history.com/news/free-school-breakfast-black-panther-party

video link: https://youtu.be/tCGA4TLaq8g?si=9MetN4f0WPj8fZfJ

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August Wilson (April 27 1945- October 2nd 2005) Apart of the Black Horizon - Kaine Longmire.

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August Wilson (April 27 1945- October 2nd 2005) Apart of the Black Horizon - Kaine Longmire.

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August Wilson was a bi racial man who was born on April 27th 1945. August Wilson was raised in Pittsburg in a single parent household due to his father being absent. August attended High school where he was builied at for being Mixed. August dropped out of High School after being accused of plagiarism. August did not tell his mother that he dropped out he furthered his Education at Carneige Library of Pittburgh. In 1962 he joined the army and unlisted within a year of him being in the army. Later on in 1962 he returned back to Pittsburg to find a job to support himself. August was always a great reader since young, he also started doing poetry at a young age. August used to listen to people stories to Motivate himself, those stories Motivated him to start writting plays. In the 1960s August joined a group of poets, educators and artist. Who performed at the centre Avenue Poets theatre. During his time of being apart of that Group he met some named Rob Penny, August and Rob Penny later on Co- founded a group called the Black Horizons. The man behind the legacy was one of August first plays. August relocated to Minneapolis where he received a fellowship to Minesota Playrights center. Then he was accepted to the National playrights conference at the O'neil center in Connecticut. In 1987 August recieved the Tony award and the Pultzer award for his play The ground which I stand on. in 1990 he won the Pulitzerz award again for the piano lessons play. The plays that he made took place in Pittsburgh (almost all of them) They all combined historical facts, comedy, and supernatural elements of black people. August was married 3 times and had two children. In 2005 he was diagnosed with cancer then he later on died. Overall August Wilson has many accomplishments due to his plays and his hard work, and that is why he will forever be relevant in black history.

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Karine Jean-Pierre is the White House Principal Deputy Press Secretary and is known for becoming the first LGBTQ+ Black woman to hold a White House press briefing. She also holds records for being the first openly gay spokeswoman, and the second black woman to conduct a briefing from the podium of the White House briefing room. She was born in Martinique and immigrated to New York at the age of 5. She has worked on Joe Biden’s presidential campaign, was senior advisor/spokesperson for MoveOn.org, a site which is dedicated to keeping democrats in higher-up positions, and has also lectured on international and public affairs at Columbia University. She is still making history today. source

Tatiana Hayes

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Black Feminist Movement 1970 - Present - Madisyn C 

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Black Feminist Movement 1970 - Present - Madisyn C 

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The Black Feminism Movement is a political and social movement that focuses on the multidimensional aspects of the oppression of black women in the United States and other countries. Black feminism differs from mainstream feminism in that it seeks to understand the injustices affecting the daily lives of black women, it is also distinguished by a long standing emphasis on intersectionality as well as sexism, institutional racism and discrimination. Although the roots of black feminism in the United States can be traced to the mid 19th century, the black feminist movement did not gain prominence until the 1970s. During the 1960s and 70s, the period of the second wave of mainstream feminism, black women were largely excluded from positions of leadership within women's rights, organizations and their concerns tended to be marginalized.