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🔹 Điều ước trong tương lai:

wish + S + would + V₀

e.g.

My sister wants to become a famous pop star in the future.

➡️ My sister wishes she would become a famous pop star in the future.

🔹 Điều ước trái hiện tại:

wish + S + V₂/-ed

e.g.

Nick isn't tall enough to join the basketball team.

➡️ Nick wishes he were tall enough to join the basketball team.

🔹 Điều ước trái quá khứ:

wish + S + had + V₃/-ed

e.g.

My team didn't win the match yesterday.

➡️ I wish my team had won the match yesterday.

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🔹 Đặt điều kiện ở hiện tại, kết quả ở tương lai:

If + S + V₀/-s/-es, S + will/can/may + V₀.

e.g.

The authorities are thinking of raising the petrol prices. I will have to cycle to work when that happens.

➡️ If the authorities raise the petrol prices, I will have to cycle to work.

🔹 Đặt điều kiện trái hiện tại, kết quả ở hiện tại bị thay đổi:

If + S + V₂/-ed, S + would/could/might + V₀.

e.g.

The weather is too cold for us to go swimming.

➡️ If the weather weren't too cold, we could go swimming.

🔹 Đặt điều kiện trái quá khứ, kết quả ở quá khứ bị thay đổi:

If + S + had + V₃/-ed, S + would/could/might + have + V₃/-ed.

e.g.

I didn't study hard enough, so I failed my entrance exam.

➡️ If I had studied hard enough, I would have passed my entrance exam.

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although/though/even though: mặc dù

but: nhưng

however: tuy nhiên

1️⃣ A although/though/even though B.

e.g.

He always feels happy although he is poor.

2️⃣ Although/Though/Even though B, A.

e.g.

Although he is poor, he always feels happy.

3️⃣ B, but A.

e.g.

He is poor, but he always feels happy.

4️⃣ B. However, A.

e.g.

He is poor. However, he always feels happy.

➡️ A: thực tế

➡️ B: hoàn cảnh

🍀 Xét vế Although/Though/Even though B, trong đó B là 1 mệnh đề (S + V).

🔹 Although/Though/Even though + S + V

➡️ Despite/In spite of + N-phrase/V-ing (S₁ = S₂)

e.g.

1. I want to go out although it is raining heavily. (S₁ # S₂)

➡️ I want to go out despite the heavy rain.

🌟 I want to go out despite the fact that it is raining heavily.

2. Although he is poor, he always feels happy. (S₁ = S₂)

➡️ In spite of being poor, he always feels happy.

➡️ In spite of his poverty, he always feels happy.

🌟 In spite of the fact that he is poor, he always feels happy.

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because/as/since: vì

so: cho nên

1️⃣ A because/as/since B.

e.g.

He always feels miserable because he is poor.

2️⃣ Because/As/Since B, A.

e.g.

Because he is poor, he always feels miserable.

3️⃣ B, so A.

e.g.

He is poor, so he always feels miserable.

➡️ A: kết quả

➡️ B: nguyên nhân

🍀 Xét vế Because/As/Since B, trong đó B là 1 mệnh đề (S + V).

🔹 Because/As/Since + S + V

➡️ Because of + N-phrase/V-ing (S₁ = S₂)

e.g.

1. I don't want to go out because it is raining heavily. (S₁ # S₂)

➡️ I don't want to go out because of the heavy rain.

🌟 I don't want to go out because of the fact that it is raining heavily.

2. Because he is poor, he always feels miserable. (S₁ = S₂)

➡️ Because of being poor, he always feels miserable.

➡️ Because of his poverty, he always feels miserable.

🌟 Because of the fact that he is poor, he always feels miserable.

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🔹 S + be/V + so + ADJ/ADV + that + clause.

e.g.

1. The air is becoming so polluted that many people are getting sick.

➡️ polluted (adj): bị ô nhiễm

2. We are polluting the ocean so badly that there won't be any fish left in ten years.

➡️ badly (adv): một cách tồi tệ

🔹 S + be/V + such + N/N-phrase + that + clause.

e.g.

1. People are causing such damage that the government is closing the park.

➡️ damage (n): sự hư hại

2. Air pollution is such a big problem that the government will have to do something.

➡️ a big problem (N-phrase): một vấn đề lớn

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🔹 S + be/V + too + ADJ/ADV + (for O) + to-V₁.

e.g.

1. Henry was too tired to hike to the top of the mountain.

2. Anna drives too carelessly for her friends to feel comfortable.

🔹 S + be/V + too much/ too many + Nkđđ/Nđđsn + (for O) + to-V₁.

e.g.

1. I had too much homework to complete yesterday.

2. There are not too many things for us to do in this remote area.

🔹S + be/V + too + ADJ/ADV+ that + S + can/could + (not) + V₀.

e.g.

1. He is too young that he can not drive a car.

2. The new machine worked too effectively that the one old could not catch up.

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🔹 S + be/V + ADJ/ADV + enough + (for O) + to-V₁.

e.g.

1. Henry was not energetic enough to hike to the top of the mountain.

2. Anna doesn't drive carefully enough for her friends to feel comfortable.

🔹 S + be/V + enough + N + (for O) + to-V₁.

e.g.

1. There aren't enough rooms for the whole school to stay.

2. Haley got just enough butter to bake some cookies.

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🔹 S + be + ADJ + (for O) + to-V₁.

➡️ V-ing + be + ADJ + (for O).

e.g.

It is impossible for the chef to prepare the meals for all the guests.

➡️ Preparing the meals for all the guests is impossible for the chef.

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🍀 So sánh bằng:

🔹 A + to be + as + ADJ + as + B.

🔹 A + Vkhẳng định + as + ADV + as + B.

e.g.

1. I was as tall as my sister.

2. His robot is running as quickly as mine.

🍀 So sánh không bằng:

🔹 A + to be + not + as + adj + as + B.

🔹 A + Vphủ định + as + ADV + as + B.

e.g.

1. Buses are not as expensive as trains.

2. The singer doesn't sing as beautifully as my wife.

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🔹 Tính từ ngắn:

- Là tính từ có 1 âm tiết

- Là tính từ có 2 âm tiết nhưng tận cùng bằng -y, -ow, -le, -er hoặc -et

e.g.

1. happy: hạnh phúc, vui vẻ

2. narrow: chật hẹp

3. simple: đơn giản

4. clever: khéo léo, thông minh

5. quiet: yên tĩnh

🔹 Tính từ dài:

- Là tính từ có 2 âm tiết trở lên

e.g.

1. modern: hiện đại

2. beautiful: xinh đẹp

🔹 So sánh hơn:

1️⃣ tính từ ngắn-ER + than

2️⃣ MORE + tính từ dài + than (nhiều hơn)

3️⃣ LESS + tính từ dài + than (ít hơn)

🔹 So sánh nhất:

1️⃣ the + tính từ ngắn-EST

2️⃣ the MOST + tính từ dài (nhiều nhất)

3️⃣ the LEAST + tính từ dài (ít nhất)

🔹 Những trường hợp đặc biệt:

1. good - better than - the best: giỏi, ngoan, ngon, tốt

2. bad - worse than - the worst: dở, hư, xấu

3. many/much - more than - the most: nhiều

4. little - less than - the least: chút, ít

5. old - older than - the oldest: cũ, già, lớn tuổi

old - elder than - the eldest: lớn tuổi

6. far - farther than - the farthest: xa (khoảng cách địa lý)

far - further than - the furthest: xa (khoảng cách trừu tượng)

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🔹ADJ-ing: bản chất của người, sự vật hoặc sự việc

e.g.

1. He is an interesting guy.

2. This book is very interesting. You should try reading it.

🔹ADJ-ed: người, sự vật hoặc sự việc bị tác động nên mới có tính chất như vậy

e.g.

1. The scientists are interested in the new vaccine.

2. My company is really interested in your offer.

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🍀 Quen với:

🔹 be + accustomed + to-V-ing/N

➡️ be + used + to-V-ing/N

➡️ get + used + to-V-ing/N

e.g.

1. My mother is accustomed to getting up early in the mornings.

➡️ My mother is used to getting up early in the mornings.

➡️ My mother gets used to getting up early in the mornings.

2. The farmers are accustomed to this harsh weather.

➡️ The farmers are used to this harsh weather.

➡️The farmers get used to this harsh weather.

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🍀 Đã từng:

🔹 (+): S + used + to-V₁.

🔹 (-): S + didn't + use + to-V₁.

🔹 (?): Did + S + use + to-V₁?

-> Yes, S + did.

-> No, S + didn't.

e.g.

(+) Eric used to walk 2 miles to school when he was a little boy.

(-) Eric didn't use to walk 2 miles to school when he was a little boy.

(?) Did Eric use to walk 2 miles to school when he was a little boy?

-> Yes, he did.

-> No, he didn't

🍀 Những cấu trúc tương đương:

🔹 S + used + to-V₁.

➡️ S + am/is/are + no longer + O. (động từ to be)

hoặc S + no longer + V₀/-s/-es. (động từ thường)

➡️ S + 'm not/isn't/aren't + O + any more. (động từ to be)

hoặc S + don't/doesn't + V₀ + any more. (động từ thường)

e.g.

1. The police officer used to be here 5 minutes ago. (động từ to be)

➡️ The police officer is no longer here.

➡️ The police officer isn't here any more.

2. Eric used to walk 2 miles to school when he was a little boy. (động từ thường)

➡️ Eric no longer walks 2 miles to school.

➡️ Eric doesn’t walk 2 miles to school any more.

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suggest (v): đề nghị

🔹 suggest + (not) + V-ing

e.g.

1. I suggest taking the bus to the museum.

2. My boss suggested not discussing about this problem again.

🔹 suggest + Sngười + should + (not) + V₀

e.g.

1. I suggest we should take the bus to the museum.

2. My boss suggested we should n't discuss about this problem again.

🔹 suggest + Svật+ should + (not) + be + V₃/-ed

e.g.

1. I suggest the bus to the museum should be taken.

2. My boss suggested this problem shouldn't be discussed again.

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🔹 S + spend(s)/spent + money/time + V-ing.

➡️ It + takes/took + O + money/time + to-V₁.

S ↔️ O

e.g.

1. It usually takes her 45 minutes to prepare dinner for the whole family.

➡️ She usually spends 45 minutes preparing dinner for the whole family.

2. Evan spent a lot of time lying on the beach during his summer holiday.

➡️ It took Evan a lot of time to lie on the beach during his summer holiday.

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need (v): cần

needn't (v): không cần

🔹 Sngười + need + to_V₁.

🔹 Sngười + needn't + V₀.

e.g.

1. They need to repaint this old factory.

2. Laura needn't send the letter today.

🔹 Svật + need + V-ing.

➡️ Svật + need + to be + V₃/-ed.

🔹 Svật + needn't + be + V₃/-ed.

e.g.

1. This old factory needs repainting.

➡️ This old factory needs to be repainted.

2. The letter needn't be sent by Laura today.

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🔹 It's (high) time + (for O) + to-V₁.

➡️ It's (high/about) time + S + V₂/-ed.

S ↔️ O

e.g.

It's high time for the baby to go to sleep.

➡️ It's high time the baby went to sleep.

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🔹 have + Ongười + V₀ + Ovật (chủ động)

➡️ get + Ongười + to-V₁ + Ovật (chủ động)

e.g.

I will have Peter fix my car.

➡️ I will get Peter to fix my car.

🔹 have + Ovật + V₃/-ed + by + Ongười (bị động)

➡️ get + Ovật + V₃/-ed + by + Ongười (bị động)

e.g.

I will have my car fixed by Peter.

➡️ I will get my car fixed by Peter.

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🔹 find + O + N-phrase

e.g.

The teacher finds Rosie an intelligent student.

➡️ an intelligent student (N-phrase): một học sinh thông minh

🔹 find + O + ADJ

e.g.

All of us find this book very useful.

➡️ useful (adj): hữu ích

🔹 find + it + ADJ + to-V₁

e.g.

We find it easy to learn a new language.

➡️ easy (adj): dễ dàng

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🔹 /s/: F, P, K, PH, T, TH

➡️ Fred, phải, kêu, phở, tái, thôi

🔹 /z/: B, N, Y, D, G, L, V, M, NG, R

➡️ Bà, nội, Yến, đi, giao, lưu, với, mọi, người, rồi

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🔹 /t/: X, SH, SS, K, P, CH, F, C, GH

➡️ Xe, SH, sang sông, không, phải, chờ, phà, cùng, ghe