# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
All NICE products on diabetes. Includes any guidance, advice, NICE Pathways and quality standards.

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The NHS Knowledge and Library Hub connects NHS staff and learners to high quality knowledge and evidence resources in one place.

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The NHS Knowledge and Library Hub connects health cares staff and learners to high quality, NHS-funded, knowledge and evidence resources in one place, using a single search.

The 'Hub'

includes all journal articles, e-books, guidelines and evidence summary tools provided nationally and by your local NHS library team

provides seamless access to full text, as an immediate download or on request from an NHS library

avoids the less-reliable sources you might find in a general web search.

Easier access to e-journals

For seamless links, where you want them, install LibKey Nomad on your PC or laptop. Choose your library (or type NHS England) and find your links in PubMed, Google Scholar and many other sites. Or use BrowZine to browse and read the journals you have access to.

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The NHS Knowledge and Library Hub connects health cares staff and learners to high quality, NHS-funded, knowledge and evidence resources in one place, using a single search.

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Click on this link to register with us! Registered members may borrow up to 10 books at one time.

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Register - Medway NHS Knowledge and Library Services

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All Medway NHS Foundation Trust staff, students on placement at the hospital and other NHS staff working across the Medway health economy, may apply to register.

# data[].attributes.headline
MFT Knowledge & Library Services Website

# data[].attributes.subject
MFT Knowledge & Library Services Website

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Medway NHS Knowledge and Library Services (KLS)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Medway NHS Knowledge and Library Service KLS offers the best resources to support clinical decision making, research, and lifelong professional development.

# data[].attributes.body
Click on this link to find our Literature Search Request Form, just complete this and one of our Librarians will support.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The LKS can conduct literature searching to find the evidence you need for an informed decision.

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Endocrinology and metabolic disorders | BMJ Best Practice

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Browse BMJ Best Practice endocrinology and metabolic disorders specialty and related medical content to help you make evidence-based clinical decisions

# data[].attributes.headline
Diabetes insipidus - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

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Diabetes insipidus - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Diabetes insipidus - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disorder characterised by polydipsia, polyuria, and formation of inappropriately hypotonic (dilute) urine. Two types exist: central DI, due to reduced synthesis or release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) from the hypothalamo-pituitary axis; and nephrogenic DI, due to re…

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Diabetes-related foot disease - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Diabetes-related foot disease - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Diabetes-related foot disease - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Diabetes-related foot disease, including ulcers and infections, is a common and costly complication of diabetes mellitus. The majority of diabetic foot ulcers are caused by repetitive trauma sustained during activity on a structurally abnormal, insensate foot. Ulcers act as a portal of entry for…

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Diabetic cardiovascular disease - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Diabetic cardiovascular disease - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Diabetic cardiovascular disease - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in people with diabetes. People with diabetes have up to a fourfold increased risk of stroke and are twice as likely to die after myocardial infarction than people without diabetes. Regular physical activity, medical nutrition therapy, an…

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Diabetic hypoglycaemia - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Diabetic hypoglycaemia - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Diabetic hypoglycemia - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Diabetic hypoglycemia should be considered if a person with diabetes presents with life-threatening alterations in mental and/or physical functioning, such as seizure or loss of consciousness. Other, less severe features of diabetic hypoglycemia include sympathoadrenal and neuroglycopenic symptom…

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Diabetic ketoacidosis - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Diabetic ketoacidosis - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by a biochemical triad of hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and acidemia, with rapid symptom onset.

Common symptoms and signs include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weakness, weight loss, tachycardia, dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, hypotension, and, in severe cases, shock.

Successful treatment includes correction of volume depletion, hyperglycemia, electrolyte imbalances, and comorbid precipitating events, with frequent monitoring.

Complications of treatment include hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, hypoxemia, and rarely pulmonary edema.

Cerebral edema, a rare but potentially rapidly fatal complication, occurs mainly in children. It may be prevented by avoiding overly rapid fluid and electrolyte replacement.

DKA is an acute metabolic complication of diabetes that is potentially fatal and requires prompt medical attention for successful treatment. It is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency and is the most common acute hyperglycemic complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus.[1] Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, et al. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jul;32(7):1335-43. https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1335.full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19564476?tool=bestpractice.com ​

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by a biochemical triad of hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and acidemia, with rapid symptom onset. Common symptoms and signs include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weakness, weight loss, tachycardia, dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, hypotension, and...

# data[].attributes.headline
Diabetic kidney disease - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Diabetic kidney disease - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Diabetic kidney disease - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is usually a clinical diagnosis in a patient with long-standing diabetes (>10 years) with albuminuria and/or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the absence of signs or symptoms of other primary causes of kidney damage. Symptoms, which may be absen…

# data[].attributes.headline
Diabetic neuropathy - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Diabetic neuropathy - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Diabetic neuropathy - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) in people with both type 1 and 2 diabetes is a complex consequence of hyperglycemia-induced alterations in multiple biochemical pathways. Other metabolic and vascular factors, particularly hypertriglyceridemia, are also important. The clinical presentation comprises a bro…

# data[].attributes.headline
Diabetic retinopathy - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Diabetic retinopathy - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Diabetic retinopathy - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Sight-threatening signs of diabetic retinopathy include macular edema, retinal or optic disk new vessels, and vitreous hemorrhage. Main measures to prevent visual loss include improvement in glycemic, lipid, and hypertensive control, and the early identification of sight-threatening disease. Main…

# data[].attributes.headline
Overview of diabetes - Summary of relevant conditions

# data[].attributes.subject
Overview of diabetes - Summary of relevant conditions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Overview of diabetes - Summary of relevant conditions | BMJ Best Practice

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Diabetes is a general term for disorders characterised by polyuria. It usually refers to diabetes mellitus, a common chronic syndrome of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism owing to insufficient secretion of insulin and/or target-tissue insulin resistance. Complications of diabetes...

# data[].attributes.headline
Type 1 diabetes - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Type 1 diabetes - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Type 1 diabetes mellitus - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute insulin deficiency. Patients most often present with a few days or weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and weakness. Some patients may present with diabetic ketoacidosis. Insulin is required fo…

# data[].attributes.headline
Type 2 diabetes in adults - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Type 2 diabetes in adults - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Type 2 diabetes therapy for all patients hinges around a personalized self-management program, usually developed with the patient by a diabetes education nurse or nutritionist. Lifestyle changes plus metformin are initial antihyperglycemic therapy for most patients, although for individuals with…

# data[].attributes.headline
Type 2 diabetes in children - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Type 2 diabetes in children - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Type 2 diabetes in children - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disorder due to a deficit in both insulin secretion and insulin action, with obesity being the primary cause in children. Often asymptomatic and diagnosed by screening in a high-risk individual (e.g., family history, obesity, acanthosis nigricans) or incidentally…

# data[].attributes.headline
Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and initial evaluation of diabetes mellitus in adults

# data[].attributes.subject
Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and initial evaluation of diabetes mellitus in adults

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and initial evaluation of diabetes mellitus in adults - UpToDate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and initial evaluation of diabetes mellitus in adults

# data[].attributes.headline
Initial management of hyperglycemia in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.subject
Initial management of hyperglycemia in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Initial management of hyperglycemia in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus - UpToDate

# data[].attributes.headline
Classification of diabetes mellitus and genetic diabetic syndromes

# data[].attributes.subject
Classification of diabetes mellitus and genetic diabetic syndromes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Classification of diabetes mellitus and genetic diabetic syndromes - UpToDate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Classification of diabetes mellitus and genetic diabetic syndromes

# data[].attributes.headline
Overview of general medical care in nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.subject
Overview of general medical care in nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus

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Overview of general medical care in nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus

INTRODUCTION

The estimated overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus among adults in the United States varies with race/ethnicity and age and ranges from 4.8 to 29.2 percent [ 1]. The large majority of patients have type 2 diabetes. More health care resources are estimated to be spent on diabetes-related care than on care for any other condition [ 2]. Numerous factors, in addition to diabetes-associated complications, contribute to the impact of diabetes on quality of life and health care costs. Diabetes is associated with a high prevalence of depression [ 3] and adversely impacts employment, absenteeism, and work productivity [ 4,5].

This review will provide an overview of general medical management for nonpregnant adult patients with diabetes, with a particular emphasis on nonglycemic management ( table 1). The approach is consistent with guidelines from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) for health maintenance in patients with diabetes, which are updated yearly [ 6-8]. Detailed discussions relating to screening, diagnosis, and initial evaluation of diabetes mellitus as well as management of hyperglycemia are discussed separately.

●(See "Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes".)

●(See "Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and initial evaluation of diabetes mellitus in adults".)

●(See "Initial management of hyperglycemia in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus".)

Disclaimer: This generalized information is a limited summary of diagnosis, treatment, and/or medication information. It is not meant to be comprehensive and should be used as a tool to help the user understand and/or assess potential diagnostic and treatment options. It does NOT include all information about conditions, treatments, medications, side effects, or risks that may apply to a specific patient. It is not intended to be medical advice or a substitute for the medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment of a health care provider based on the health care provider's examination and assessment of a patient's specific and unique circumstances. Patients must speak with a health care provider for complete information about their health, medical questions, and treatment options, including any risks or benefits regarding use of medications. This information does not endorse any treatments or medications as safe, effective, or approved for treating a specific patient. UpToDate, Inc. and its affiliates disclaim any warranty or liability relating to this information or the use thereof. The use of this information is governed by the Terms of Use, available at https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/know/clinical-effectiveness-terms. 2025© UpToDate, Inc. and its affiliates and/or licensors. All rights reserved.

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Overview of general medical care in nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus - UpToDate

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Overview of general medical care in nonpregnant adults with diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.headline
Epidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents

# data[].attributes.subject
Epidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Epidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents - UpToDate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Epidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents

# data[].attributes.headline
Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes

# data[].attributes.subject
Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes - UpToDate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes

# data[].attributes.headline
Management of persistent hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.subject
Management of persistent hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Management of persistent hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus - UpToDate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Management of persistent hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.headline
Syndromes of ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.subject
Syndromes of ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Syndromes of ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus - UpToDate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Syndromes of ketosis-prone diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.headline
Heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management

# data[].attributes.subject
Heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management - UpToDate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management

# data[].attributes.headline
Gestational diabetes mellitus: Glucose management, maternal prognosis, and follow-up

# data[].attributes.subject
Gestational diabetes mellitus: Glucose management, maternal prognosis, and follow-up

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Gestational diabetes mellitus: Glucose management, maternal prognosis, and follow-up - UpToDate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Gestational diabetes mellitus: Glucose management, maternal prognosis, and follow-up

# data[].attributes.headline
Gestational diabetes mellitus: Screening, diagnosis, and prevention

# data[].attributes.subject
Gestational diabetes mellitus: Screening, diagnosis, and prevention

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Gestational diabetes mellitus: Screening, diagnosis, and prevention - UpToDate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Gestational diabetes mellitus: Screening, diagnosis, and prevention

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management

# data[].attributes.headline
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for treatment of diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.subject
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for treatment of diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for treatment of diabetes mellitus - UpToDate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for treatment of diabetes mellitus

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Diabetes UK - Know diabetes. Fight diabetes. | Diabetes UK

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
We are Diabetes UK, the leading charity for people living with diabetes in the UK. Our vision is a world where diabetes can do no harm.

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Diabetes Community, Support, Education, Recipes & Resources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The world's largest diabetes community. Find personalised support, education, and connect with others to improve your health and wellbeing.

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Abstract submissions for ENDO 2024 are now open! Taking place in person in Boston, MA, June 1-4, there is no better place to share your research than ENDO. Submitting an abstract earns media coverage for your work, connects you with scientific investigators with similar interests, and helps drive patient care for the people that need us most. All accepted abstracts will be published in a supplement to our Open Access publication, Journal of the Endocrine Society (JES), assigned a DOI, and indexed in PubMed and PubMed Central. Submit yours today.

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Endocrine Society is a global community of 18,000-plus endocrine investigators and clinicians more than 100 countries. Members focus on improving patient care, advancing research, shaping effective policy, and ensuring the future of endocrinology.

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Society for Endocrinology | A world-leading authority on hormones

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Society for Endocrinology aims to promote the advancement of public education in endocrinology

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Home – The European Society of Endocrinology

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As the voice for endocrinology in Europe, ESE supports the endocrine community to raise awareness, share research and improve hormone health across Europe and beyond.

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Here is a list of forthcoming events as well as those that have been recorded and are still accessible
Recorded in 2020 and still available to view
The European Congress of Endocrinology ran as a virtual conference from September 5th to 9th 2020. All sessions have now been recorded and are exclusively available to all registered delegates via this website

ESPE Connect Online 2020 was held from November 6th to 14th 2020. Registered attendees will be able to access on demand content until November 2021. Information is here

The Society for Endocrinology Meeting (SfE BES) was virtually held from the 16th to 20th November 2020. Content from the conference is available the SFE members area on the event website until November 2021.

The International Thyroid Congress ran as a virtual event from December 16th to 20th. Registrants with completed payments can view lecture videos until March 31st 2021 via this website

Previous events in 2021

The European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) held their 18th annual conference virtually from February 25th to 27th 2021 Details are here However, a list of their regular webinars and podcasts can be found here

The 2nd New Developments and Controversies in the Management of Thyroid Cancer event was held virtually on 12th March 2021. The programme and details are here

ENDO 2021 took place at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego, California, on March 20-23, 2021. Details are here as to any access of session recordings for those who did not attend.

Forthcoming events in 2021

ECE 2021 will take place online from May 22 to 26th 2021. The event website is here

The 4th World Congress on Thyroid Cancer will take place at the Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, Massachusetts from July 29th to August 1st 2021. Details are here

The 43rd Annual Meeting of the European Thyroid Association will take place in Milan, Italy from S eptember 4-7th, 2021. Details will be posted nearer the time on here

The 15th European Diabetes and Endocrinology Congress will be held in London on September 20th and 21st. This can be attended virtually or in person Details are here

ESPE Connect Online will take place as a virtual event from September 22nd to 26th 2021. Details are here

The 90th Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association will take place in Arizona, USA, from September 29th to Oct 3rd, 2021. Information about this and other future events can be found here

The The European Neuroendocrine Association ( ENEA) will hold its 7th workshop on Cushings Disease in Dubrovnik from December 7th to 11th. Details are here

2021 events - dates to be finalised

The European Young Endocrinologists & Scientists Meeting was due to take place on September 4th to 6th 2020 but this has now been postponed until 2021. . Their website is here

2022

The 15th biennual International Workshop on Resistance to Thyroid Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Action will take place in March 2022. Details will be posted nearer the time

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Welcome to the official website of the British Thyroid Association

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Here is a list of forthcoming events as well as those that have been recorded and are still accessible Recorded in 2020 and still available to view The European Congress of Endocrinology ran as a virtual conference from September 5th to 9th 2020.

# data[].attributes.headline
International Society of Endocrinology (ISE)

# data[].attributes.subject
International Society of Endocrinology (ISE)

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the global community of endocrine organisations worldwide. We represent a broad network of health care professionals integrating all areas of endocrinology and metabolism. We facilitate collaboration and integration across endocrine organisations and regions. We provide virtual and live platforms to disseminate knowledge and research and bridge the gaps in education. Our focus is particularly on championing endocrinology networks in developing nations and supporting early career endocrinologists.

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Home - International Society of Endocrinology

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
the global community of endocrine organisations worldwide. We represent a broad network of health care professionals integrating all areas of endocrinology and metabolism. We facilitate collaboration and integration across endocrine organisations and regions. We provide virtual and live platforms to disseminate knowledge and research and bridge the gaps in education.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Royal Society of Medicine - Endocrinology & Diabetes Section

# data[].attributes.subject
The Royal Society of Medicine - Endocrinology & Diabetes Section

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Endocrinology & Diabetes Section | The Royal Society of Medicine

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The purpose of the Endocrinology & Diabetes Section is to promote the discussion and further the interest of all aspects of endocrinology and diabetes.

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NICE: Type 2 diabetes in adults: management

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NICE: Type 2 diabetes in adults: management

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This guideline covers care and management for adults (aged 18 and over) with type 2 diabetes. It focuses on patient education, dietary advice, managing cardiovascular risk, managing blood glucose levels, and identifying and managing long-term complications.

For information on related topics see our diabetes summary page.

In June 2022, we reviewed the evidence and made new recommendations on periodontitis.

Recommendations

This guideline includes recommendations on:

For recommendations on hypertension in people with type 2 diabetes, see the NICE guideline on hypertension in adults.

Who is it for?

Healthcare professionals

Commissioners and providers

Adults with type 2 diabetes, and their families and carers

Is this guideline up to date?

Updates in progress: Drug therapy (excluding insulin-based treatments): see the December 2024 guideline update page.

Portfolio review in May 2023: We have reviewed our guidelines portfolio to identify topics that we think will add the most value to the health and care system and have agreed the update on insulin therapy recommended in this surveillance report will not proceed as planned.

Guideline development process
How we develop NICE guidelines
This guideline updates and replaces:

NICE guidelines CG66 (published May 2008) and CG87 (published May 2009)

NICE technology appraisal guidance 203 and 248

NICE evidence summaries ESNM20, ESNM26 and ESNM59.

Your responsibility

The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals and practitioners are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or the people using their service. It is not mandatory to apply the recommendations, and the guideline does not override the responsibility to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual, in consultation with them and their families and carers or guardian.

All problems (adverse events) related to a medicine or medical device used for treatment or in a procedure should be reported to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency using the Yellow Card Scheme.

Local commissioners and providers of healthcare have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual professionals and people using services wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with complying with those duties.

Commissioners and providers have a responsibility to promote an environmentally sustainable health and care system and should assess and reduce the environmental impact of implementing NICE recommendations wherever possible.

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This guideline covers care and management for adults (aged 18 and over) with type 2 diabetes. It focuses on patient education, dietary advice, managing cardiovascular risk, managing blood glucose levels, and identifying and managing long-term complications

# data[].attributes.headline
NICE: Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management

# data[].attributes.subject
NICE: Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This guideline covers care and treatment for adults (aged 18 and over) with type 1 diabetes. It includes advice on diagnosis, education and support, blood glucose management, cardiovascular risk, and identifying and managing long-term complications.

In July 2021, we reviewed the evidence and updated the recommendations on long-acting insulin therapy.

Recommendations

This guideline includes recommendations on:

Who is it for?

Healthcare professionals who care for adults with type 1 diabetes

Commissioners and providers of diabetes services

Adults with type 1 diabetes, and their families and carers

Guideline development process
How we develop NICE guidelines
This guideline updates and replaces evidence summaries ESNM5 and ESNM16.

Your responsibility

The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals and practitioners are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or the people using their service. It is not mandatory to apply the recommendations, and the guideline does not override the responsibility to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual, in consultation with them and their families and carers or guardian.

All problems (adverse events) related to a medicine or medical device used for treatment or in a procedure should be reported to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency using the Yellow Card Scheme.

Local commissioners and providers of healthcare have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual professionals and people using services wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with complying with those duties.

Commissioners and providers have a responsibility to promote an environmentally sustainable health and care system and should assess and reduce the environmental impact of implementing NICE recommendations wherever possible.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This guideline covers care and treatment for adults (aged 18 and over) with type 1 diabetes. It includes advice on diagnosis, education and support, blood glucose management, cardiovascular risk, and identifying and managing long-term complications. In July 2021, we reviewed the evidence and updated the recommendations on long-acting insulin therapy.

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NICE: Diagnosis in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period

# data[].attributes.subject
NICE: Diagnosis in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Overview | Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period | Guidance | NICE

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This guideline covers managing diabetes and its complications in women who are planning pregnancy or are already pregnant. It aims to improve the diagnosis of

# data[].attributes.headline
NICE: Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk

# data[].attributes.subject
NICE: Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This guideline covers how to identify adults at high risk of type 2 diabetes. It aims to remind practitioners that age is no barrier to being at high risk of, or developing, the condition. It also aims to help them provide those at high risk with an effective and appropriate intensive lifestyle-change programme to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. The recommendations in this guideline can be used alongside the NHS Health Check programme.

For information on related topics see our cardiometabolic disease prevention and treatment summary page.

Last reviewed: 28 March 2018

We found no new evidence that affects the recommendations of this guideline. See the review decision for more information.

In September 2017, we reviewed the evidence for intensive lifestyle-change programmes and metformin for people at risk of type 2 diabetes. We added new recommendations on lifestyle-change programmes (recommendations 1.5.5 and 1.5.6) and changed the recommendation about offering metformin (recommendation 1.19.1).

Next review: This guideline/guidance will be reviewed if there is new evidence that is likely to change the recommendations.

Recommendations

This guideline includes recommendations on:

Who is it for?

Commissioners and managers in the NHS, local authorities and the wider public, private, voluntary and community sectors

GPs, nurses, pharmacists, occupational health specialists, optical practitioners and other health professionals

People at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, their families and other members of the public

Guideline development process
How we develop NICE guidelines
This guideline was previously called preventing type 2 diabetes: risk identification and interventions for individuals at high risk.

Your responsibility

The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals and practitioners are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or the people using their service. It is not mandatory to apply the recommendations, and the guideline does not override the responsibility to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual, in consultation with them and their families and carers or guardian.

All problems (adverse events) related to a medicine or medical device used for treatment or in a procedure should be reported to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency using the Yellow Card Scheme.

Local commissioners and providers of healthcare have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual professionals and people using services wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with complying with those duties.

Commissioners and providers have a responsibility to promote an environmentally sustainable health and care system and should assess and reduce the environmental impact of implementing NICE recommendations wherever possible.

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Overview | Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk | Guidance | NICE

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This guideline covers how to identify adults at high risk of type 2 diabetes. It aims to remind practitThis guideline covers how to identify adults at high risk of type 2 diabetes. It aims to remind practitioners that age is no barrier to being at high risk of, or developing, the condition. It also aims to help them provide those at high risk with an effective and appropriate intensive lifestyle-change programme to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. The recommendations in this guideline can be used alongside the NHS Health Check programme

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Annual review of a patient with diabetes

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Annual review of a patient with diabetes

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Demonstrating how to use a disposable insulin pen

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Demonstrating how to use a disposable insulin pen

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Self-monitoring of blood glucose in practice

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Self-monitoring of blood glucose in practice

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Treatment of hypoglycaemia in an acute hospital setting

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Treatment of hypoglycaemia in an acute hospital setting

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The NICE Clinical Knowledge Summary (CKS) site is only available to users in the UK, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories

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The NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS) site is only available to users in the UK, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories.

CKS content is produced by Clarity Informatics Ltd (trading as Agilio Software | Primary Care). It is available to users outside the UK via subscription from the Agilio | Prodigy website.

If you believe you are seeing this page in error please contact us.

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The NICE Clinical Knowledge Summary (CKS) site is only available to users in the UK, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories

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Scenario: Insulin therapy - type 1 diabetes

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Scenario: Insulin therapy - type 1 diabetes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS) site is only available to users in the UK, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories.

CKS content is produced by Clarity Informatics Limited. It is available to users outside the UK via subscription from the Prodigy website.

If you believe you are seeing this page in error please contact us.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS) site is only available to users in the UK, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories. CKS content is produced by Clarity Informatics Limited. It is available to users outside the UK via subscription from the Prodigy website. If you believe you are seeing this page in error please contact us.

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Scenario: Insulin therapy - type 2 diabetes

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Scenario: Insulin therapy - type 2 diabetes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS) site is only available to users in the UK, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories.

CKS content is produced by Clarity Informatics Ltd (trading as Agilio Software | Primary Care). It is available to users outside the UK via subscription from the Agilio | Prodigy website.

If you believe you are seeing this page in error please contact us.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The NICE Clinical Knowledge Summary (CKS) site is only available to users in the UK, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories