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1. What is the epicentre, the focus, the fault of an earthquake?

2. How are earthquakes measured?

3. What is the Richter Scale and the Modified Mercalli Scale?

4. Give a summary of each intensity.

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1. What is the relationship between the movement of tectonic plates and earthquakes?

2. Which movement is most likely to trigger earthquakes?

3. *Analyse how each movement contribute to earthquakes.

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What is the Ring of Fire? What is its relationship with the distribution of earthquakes?

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1. Using PQI (Pattern, Quantify, Exception), examine and analyse the distribution of earthquakes around the world?

2. What is the relationship between tectonic plates and earthquake distribution?

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1. What is the relationship between tsunamis and earthquakes?

2. What are the social, environmental, economic impact of earthquakes?

3. What are some long term and short term impacts of earthquakes?

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1. What are some ways to monitor/ reduce the impacts of earthquakes?

2. Predictive technologies, infrastructure, engineering feats?

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The Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped zone around the Pacific Ocean, where tectonic plate boundaries cause frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Subduction zones create intense seismic activity, affecting countries like Japan, Indonesia, Chile, and the U.S. West Coast, making it the world’s most earthquake-prone region.

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1

Earthquakes are mainly distributed along tectonic plate boundaries, where plates collide, pull apart, or slide past each other, causing stress and releasing energy.

2

Using the PMI (Plus, Minus, Interesting) method, the distribution of earthquakes around the world shows that while most occur along tectonic plate boundaries (Plus), leading to frequent and intense seismic activity, areas away from these boundaries experience fewer quakes (Minus), yet some regions like intraplate zones can still experience surprising, significant events (Interesting).

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Some ways we can monitor/reduce the impact of earthquakes are seismometers that can predict earthquakes. Some ways we can respond is evacuate the people out of the city and if it gets bad, we can give people short-term help.

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Seismographs, seismometers

thermal imaging

gps

remote sensing

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1. The epicenter of an earthquake is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake's focus, the actual location where the earthquake rupture starts beneath the surface.

A fault refers to a fracture or crack in the Earth's crust where rocks have moved past each other The focus of an earthquake is the point within the Earth where the earthquake rupture starts

2. Earthquakes are measured using instruments called seismometers or seismographs, which detect and record ground vibrations, and the size or magnitude of an earthquake is determined by measuring the amplitude of the seismic waves and the distance from the earthquake.

3. The Richter scale measures earthquake magnitude (energy released), while the Modified Mercalli scale measures earthquake intensity (effects on people, structures, and the environment)

4. The Modified Mercalli scale is designed to describe the effects of an earthquake, at a given place, on natural features, on industrial installations and on human beings. The intensity differs from the magnitude which is related to the energy released by an earthquake. Intensity 1 is the least destructive and can only be detected by a seismograph whereas Intensity 8 is the most destructive with objects thrown into the air and distortion of the ground.

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1. When tectonic plates crash/rub against each other they create earthquakes albeit Constructive/divergent plates are weaker

2. Destructive/Convergent (towards eachother)

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question 1

tsunamis can be generated by earthquakes but most tsunamis, and the largest, result from earthquakes These tsunami-generating earthquakes originate mainly in subduction zones, where tectonic plates collide and one is forced under the other.

question 3

Long-term - involve rebuilding destroyed infrastructure, eg roads, houses, power and water supplies, schools and hospitals

short-term responses focus on emergency search and rescue providing essential medical care, food, water and temporasy shelter